唐 Tang · 诗 Poem
丹青引赠曹将军霸
Danqing Yin: Presented to General Cao Ba
将军魏武之子孙,于今为庶为清门。
英雄割据虽已矣,文彩风流犹尚存。
学书初学卫夫人,但恨无过王右军。
丹青不知老将至,富贵于我如浮云。
开元之中常引见,承恩数上南薰殿。
凌烟功臣少颜色,将军下笔开生面。
良相头上进贤冠,猛将腰间大羽箭。
褒公鄂公毛发动,英姿飒爽来酣战。
先帝天马玉花骢,画工如山貌不同。
是日牵来赤墀下,迥立阊阖生长风。
诏谓将军拂绢素,意匠惨淡经营中。
斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空。
玉花却在御榻上,榻上庭前屹相向。
至尊含笑催赐金,圉人太仆皆惆怅。
弟子韩干早入室,亦能画马穷殊相。
干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧。
将军画善盖有神,必逢佳士亦写真。
即今漂泊干戈际,屡貌寻常行路人。
途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫。
但看古来盛名下,终日坎壈缠其身。
today he is a commoner, a household of no rank.
The heroic partitions of the realm are over,
yet his literary grace and style remain.
He learned the brush first from Lady Wei,
and grieves only that he never passed Right General Wang.
The colours know nothing of the approach of age;
to him wealth and rank are drifting cloud.
In the Kaiyuan days he was often summoned,
and, favoured, repeatedly ascended the South-Xun hall.
Few colours now remain on the meritorious of Lingyan;
the general opens a fresh face with his brush.
On the good ministers' heads, the cap of office;
at the generals' waists, the great feathered arrows.
The feathers of Bao and E rise;
their heroic bearing, bristling, comes to a fierce fight.
The late emperor's heavenly horse, the jade-flower qiong:
a mountain of painters, and not one caught its look.
That day it was led in beneath the red steps,
and stood apart beneath the palace gate, growing wind.
The emperor bade the general wipe the silk;
there, in his bleak and painful concentration, the design was shaped.
In an instant the true dragon of the ninefold gate came forth,
washing clean the common horses of ten thousand ages.
The jade flower yet lay on the imperial couch;
on the couch, in the courtyard, the two stood facing one another.
The sovereign smiled and pressed the gifts of gold;
the groom and the master of the stud were all downcast.
The disciple Han Gan entered the school early;
he too can paint horses in every variety of form.
But Gan paints flesh and never bone;
how can he let the spirit of the lian steeds be broken?
The general's painting is superb and filled with spirit;
whenever he meets a fine man he too will paint his likeness.
Now, adrift in a time of war,
he paints again and again the faces of common passers-by.
At the end of the road he meets the cold eyes of the crowd;
in all the world there is none so poor as he.
Look at the famous names of old:
a day's load of sorrow clings to them all their lives.
Meaning
Du Fu's long poem for the painter Cao Ba, whose family had fallen from the rank of a Wei prince to the market stall. It runs through Cao's training, his favour under Xuanzong in the Kaiyuan years, the celebrated day when his painted horse stood beside the living horse of the emperor, the pupil Han Gan who now excels, and finally the painter's present poverty and the fate that awaits every famous name. The poem is a farewell to the age that made Cao and an echo of Du Fu's own exile, for the painter's decline and the poet's are shown to be the same decline.
将军魏武之子孙,于今为庶为清门。英雄割据虽已矣,文彩风流犹尚存。学书初学卫夫人,但恨无过王右军。丹青不知老将至,富贵于我如浮云。开元之中常引见,承恩数上南薰殿。凌烟功臣少颜色,将军下笔开生面。良相头上进贤冠,猛将腰间大羽箭。褒公鄂公毛发动,英姿飒爽来酣战。先帝天马玉花骢,画工如山貌不同。是日牵来赤墀下,迥立阊阖生长风。诏谓将军拂绢素,意匠惨淡经营中。斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空。玉花却在御榻上,榻上庭前屹相向。至尊含笑催赐金,圉人太仆皆惆怅。弟子韩干早入室,亦能画马穷殊相。干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧。将军画善盖有神,必逢佳士亦写真。即今漂泊干戈际,屡貌寻常行路人。途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫。但看古来盛名下,终日坎壈缠其身。
Appreciation
[Plain Paraphrase] A painter who was once a descendant of Cao Cao is now a poor man drawing passers-by on the road, and the poem sets that present against the brilliance of the past.
[Structure] The forty-line poem has three differently paced sections: an unhurried opening on the general's lineage and training, a rapid central account of the painted horse at court, and a short, hard close.
[Imagery] The central scene is built on a single impossible image — the painted and the living horse 'standing face to face', which so moves the sovereign and confuses the stablemen that they are 'downcast'. Du Fu never says the painting is lifelike; he shows us the household becoming confused.
[Theme] The pointed contrast is the last couplet: 'Look at the famous names of old; a day's load of sorrow clings to them all their lives.' The poem is as much a statement about talent's price as a tribute.
【白话串讲】 杜甫写《丹青引赠曹将军霸》:“将军魏武之子孙,于今为庶为清门”——“丹青不知老将至,富贵于我如浮云”——“凌烟功臣少颜色,将军下笔开生面”——“弟子韩干早入室,亦能画马穷殊相”——他写画家曹霸——曹操的后人沦为平民,靠画画为生。 【意象与手法】 此诗咏曹霸画马而感慨,以题画写身世,是杜甫的名篇。前八句写曹霸的身世与画艺:「将军魏武之子孙,于今为庶为清门」写将军魏武之子孙、于今为庶为清门,「英雄割据虽已矣,文彩风流犹尚存」写英雄割据虽已矣、文彩风流犹尚存,「学书初学卫夫人,但恨无过王右军」写学书初学卫夫人、但恨无过王右军,「丹青不知老将至,富贵于我如浮云」写丹青不知老将至、富贵于我如浮云——写尽曹霸的身世与画艺;中段写画马:「开元之中常引见,承恩数上南薰殿」写开元之中常引见、承恩数上南薰殿,「凌烟功臣少颜色,将军下笔开生面」写凌烟功臣少颜色、将军下笔开生面,「褒公鄂公毛发动,英姿飒爽来酣战」写褒公鄂公毛发动、英姿飒爽来酣战——写尽曹霸画功臣;「先帝天马玉花骢,画工如山貌不同」写先帝天马玉花骢、画工如山貌不同,「是日牵来赤墀下,迥立阊阖生长风」写是日牵来赤墀下、迥立阊阖生长风,「诏谓将军拂绢素,意匠惨淡经营中」写诏谓将军拂绢素、意匠惨淡经营中,「斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空」写斯须九重真龙出、一洗万古凡马空——写尽曹霸画马;末段写感慨:「玉花却在御榻上,榻上庭前屹相向」写玉花却在御榻上、榻上庭前屹相向,「至尊含笑催赐金,圉人太仆皆惆怅」写至尊含笑催赐金、圉人太仆皆惆怅,「弟子韩干早入室,亦能画马穷殊相」写弟子韩干早入室、亦能画马穷殊相,「干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧」写干惟画肉不画骨、忍使骅骝气凋丧——写尽画马的品评;「将军画善盖有神,必逢佳士亦写真」写将军画善盖有神、必逢佳士亦写真,「即今漂泊干戈际,屡貌寻常行路人」写即今漂泊干戈际、屡貌寻常行路人,「途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫」写途穷反遭俗眼白、世上未有如公贫,「但看古来盛名下,终日坎壈缠其身」写但看古来盛名下、终日坎壈缠其身——写尽曹霸的漂泊与感慨。全诗以题画写身世,写尽曹霸画马与漂泊的感慨,是杜甫的代表作。 【情感与主旨】 此诗咏曹霸画马而感慨,以题画写身世,是杜甫的名篇。此诗作于唐代宗广德二年(764),杜甫在成都时,赠画家曹霸。曹霸是曹操的后裔,善画马,开元中曾为玄宗画御马,安史之乱后流落成都,靠画寻常行路人为生。此诗咏曹霸:将军魏武之子孙,于今为庶为清门——写将军魏武之子孙、于今为庶为清门,写尽曹霸的身世;英雄割据虽已矣,文彩风流犹尚存——写英雄割据虽已矣、文彩风流犹尚存,写尽曹霸的风流;丹青不知老将至,富贵于我如浮云——写丹青不知老将至、富贵于我如浮云,写尽曹霸的艺高志洁;先帝天马玉花骢,画工如山貌不同——写先帝天马玉花骢、画工如山貌不同,写尽曹霸画马之精;斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空——写斯须九重真龙出、一洗万古凡马空,写尽曹霸画马之神;干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧——写干惟画肉不画骨、忍使骅骝气凋丧,写尽韩干画马不及曹霸;即今漂泊干戈际,屡貌寻常行路人——写即今漂泊干戈际、屡貌寻常行路人,写尽曹霸的漂泊;途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫——写途穷反遭俗眼白、世上未有如公贫,写尽曹霸的穷困;但看古来盛名下,终日坎壈缠其身——写但看古来盛名下、终日坎壈缠其身,写尽盛名下的坎坷。全诗以题画写身世——那「斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空」写尽曹霸画马之神,「途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫」写尽曹霸的穷困,写尽曹霸画马与漂泊的感慨,是理解杜甫题画诗的重要篇章。 【名句点睛】 常考「丹青不知老将至,富贵于我如浮云」写曹霸的艺高志洁;「斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空」写曹霸画马之神;「干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧」写韩干画马不及曹霸;「途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫」写曹霸的穷困;以及全诗以题画写身世、以画马写感慨的手法。
Background
Du Fu (712–770), courtesy name Zimei, of Gu county in Henan, is the great realistic poet of the Tang. This poem was written in the second year of Guangde (764), while he was in Chengdu, for Cao Ba, a painter and a grandson of Cao Cao, who had once drawn the emperor's horses but after the rebellion of An Lushan drifted to Chengdu and lived by painting common people. The poem is one of the earliest and most famous of all Chinese 'occasion' poems written about a work of art.
此诗咏曹霸画马而感慨,以题画写身世,是杜甫的名篇。杜甫(712—770),字子美,巩县(今河南巩义)人,唐代伟大的现实主义诗人,人称「诗圣」。此诗作于唐代宗广德二年(764),杜甫在成都时,赠画家曹霸。曹霸是曹操的后裔,善画马,开元中曾为玄宗画御马,安史之乱后流落成都,靠画寻常行路人为生。此诗咏曹霸:「将军魏武之子孙,于今为庶为清门」写将军魏武之子孙、于今为庶为清门——写尽曹霸的身世;「英雄割据虽已矣,文彩风流犹尚存」写英雄割据虽已矣、文彩风流犹尚存——写尽曹霸的风流;「学书初学卫夫人,但恨无过王右军」写学书初学卫夫人、但恨无过王右军——写尽曹霸的学艺;「丹青不知老将至,富贵于我如浮云」写丹青不知老将至、富贵于我如浮云——写尽曹霸的艺高志洁;「开元之中常引见,承恩数上南薰殿」写开元之中常引见、承恩数上南薰殿——写尽曹霸的开元盛时;「凌烟功臣少颜色,将军下笔开生面」写凌烟功臣少颜色、将军下笔开生面——写尽曹霸画功臣;「褒公鄂公毛发动,英姿飒爽来酣战」写褒公鄂公毛发动、英姿飒爽来酣战——写尽曹霸画功臣之神;「先帝天马玉花骢,画工如山貌不同」写先帝天马玉花骢、画工如山貌不同——写尽画工之众而不及;「是日牵来赤墀下,迥立阊阖生长风」写是日牵来赤墀下、迥立阊阖生长风——写尽御马的威风;「诏谓将军拂绢素,意匠惨淡经营中」写诏谓将军拂绢素、意匠惨淡经营中——写尽曹霸经营的苦心;「斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空」写斯须九重真龙出、一洗万古凡马空——写尽曹霸画马之神;「玉花却在御榻上,榻上庭前屹相向」写玉花却在御榻上、榻上庭前屹相向——写尽画马如真;「至尊含笑催赐金,圉人太仆皆惆怅」写至尊含笑催赐金、圉人太仆皆惆怅——写尽画马的赏赐;「弟子韩干早入室,亦能画马穷殊相」写弟子韩干早入室、亦能画马穷殊相——写尽韩干能画马;「干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧」写干惟画肉不画骨、忍使骅骝气凋丧——写尽韩干不及曹霸;「将军画善盖有神,必逢佳士亦写真」写将军画善盖有神、必逢佳士亦写真——写尽曹霸画善有神;「即今漂泊干戈际,屡貌寻常行路人」写即今漂泊干戈际、屡貌寻常行路人——写尽曹霸的漂泊;「途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫」写途穷反遭俗眼白、世上未有如公贫——写尽曹霸的穷困;「但看古来盛名下,终日坎壈缠其身」写但看古来盛名下、终日坎壈缠其身——写尽盛名下的坎坷。全诗以题画写身世,写尽曹霸画马与漂泊的感慨,是理解杜甫题画诗的重要篇章。
Art
Du Fu writes a history rather than a praise. Four devices do the work. First, the opening couplet collapses a dynasty in two clauses: 'a descendant of Wei Wu' is now 'a commoner, a household of no rank', and history is made to rhyme with misfortune in one breath. Second, the celebrated horse is rendered through the reaction of others — 'the sovereign smiled and pressed the gifts of gold' against 'the groom and the master of the stud were all downcast', so that the painting is proved great by the confusion it causes. Third, the damning judgement of Han Gan is compressed into four characters, 'paints flesh and never bone', which is in fact the whole of Chinese painting theory stated as a defect. Fourth, the poem keeps two times running at once: the Kaiyuan past is narrated in the middle and the war-torn present breaks in with 'Now, adrift in a time of war', and nothing has to be said between them.
此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一,以家世起兴写身世。「将军魏武之子孙,于今为庶为清门」以家世起兴写身世——那「魏武之子孙」写尽曹霸的家世、「于今为庶为清门」写尽由贵而庶的沦落,以家世起兴写尽曹霸的身世。其二,以写神写画艺。「斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空」以写神写画艺——那「九重真龙出」写尽画马如真龙、「一洗万古凡马空」写尽凡马皆空,以写神写尽曹霸画马之神。其三,以对比写品评。「干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧」以对比写品评——那韩干画肉不画骨与曹霸画马有神相对比,写尽曹霸画马之高。其四,以感慨收束写身世。「即今漂泊干戈际,屡貌寻常行路人。途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫」以感慨收束写身世——那「漂泊干戈际」写尽曹霸的漂泊、「世上未有如公贫」写尽曹霸的穷困,以感慨收束,写尽曹霸的漂泊与感慨。四重手法,使此诗以题画写身世,写尽曹霸画马与漂泊的感慨,是杜甫的代表作。
Allusions
Cao Ba's descent from Cao Cao, the Wei Wu of the poem, is the first fact of the poem and its deepest wound. The brush lessons from Lady Wei follow the biography of the Eastern Jin calligrapher Lady Wei, who taught Wang Xizhi; the wish to have surpassed him turns on Wang Xizhi's title of Right General. 'Wealth and rank are to me as drifting cloud' reuses the Analects — 'riches and honours gained by injustice are to me as drifting clouds'. South-Xun hall and Lingyan are the palaces where Xuanzong received him and where the portraits of the twenty-four merit-honoured ministers hang; Bao and E are Bao Sizhen and Yu Ji, whose portraits still bristle with life. The jade-flower qiong was Xuanzong's own horse; the 'true dragon' is the conventional image of the emperor's beast. Han Gan was Cao's pupil; 'flesh but not bone' is Du Fu's verdict on his later, richer manner. The closing 'kǎn lǐ' is the classic word for a life spent in frustration.
此诗的用语深植于题画与感慨的传统。「将军魏武之子孙」令人想到「魏武」写魏武帝曹操的典故——曹霸为曹操后裔,也令人想到「子孙」写子孙的意象;「于今为庶为清门」令人想到「为庶为清门」写沦为庶民清门的意象——「旧时王谢堂前燕」(刘禹锡),也令人想到「清门」写清贫门第的意象;「英雄割据虽已矣」令人想到「割据」写割据的意象——三国割据,也令人想到「已矣」写已逝的意象;「文彩风流犹尚存」令人想到「文彩风流」写文采风流的意象——曹氏父子文采风流,也令人想到「犹尚存」写犹存的意象;「学书初学卫夫人」令人想到「卫夫人」写书法家卫夫人的典故——卫夫人为东晋书法家,王羲之尝从之学书,也令人想到「学书」写学书的意象;「但恨无过王右军」令人想到「王右军」写王羲之的典故——王羲之官右军将军,也令人想到「无过」写未能超过的意象;「丹青不知老将至」令人想到「丹青」写绘画的意象——「丹青不知老将至」用《论语》「不知老之将至」之意,也令人想到「老将至」写老之将至的意象;「富贵于我如浮云」令人想到「富贵于我如浮云」的典故——《论语》「不义而富且贵,于我如浮云」,也令人想到「如浮云」写如浮云的意象;「开元之中常引见」令人想到「开元」写开元盛世的意象——「开元全盛日」,也令人想到「引见」写引见的意象;「承恩数上南薰殿」令人想到「南薰殿」写南薰殿的典故——唐宫殿名,也令人想到「承恩」写承恩的意象;「凌烟功臣少颜色」令人想到「凌烟」写凌烟阁的典故——唐太宗画功臣于凌烟阁,也令人想到「功臣」写功臣的意象;「将军下笔开生面」令人想到「开生面」写别开生面的意象,也令人想到「下笔」写下笔的意象;「良相头上进贤冠」令人想到「进贤冠」写进贤冠的意象——文官之冠,也令人想到「良相」写良相的意象;「猛将腰间大羽箭」令人想到「大羽箭」写大羽箭的意象——武将之饰,也令人想到「猛将」写猛将的意象;「褒公鄂公毛发动」令人想到「褒公鄂公」写褒国公段志玄、鄂国公尉迟敬德的典故——凌烟阁功臣,也令人想到「毛发动」写毛发欲动的意象;「英姿飒爽来酣战」令人想到「英姿飒爽」写英姿飒爽的意象,也令人想到「酣战」写酣战的意象;「先帝天马玉花骢」令人想到「玉花骢」写玄宗御马玉花骢的典故——「玉花骢」,也令人想到「天马」写天马的意象;「画工如山貌不同」令人想到「画工如山」写画工众多的意象,也令人想到「貌不同」写画貌不同的意象;「是日牵来赤墀下」令人想到「赤墀」写宫殿丹墀的意象,也令人想到「牵来」写牵来的意象;「迥立阊阖生长风」令人想到「阊阖」写天门(宫门)的意象——「阊阖九门」,也令人想到「生长风」写生长风的意象;「诏谓将军拂绢素」令人想到「绢素」写绢帛的意象——画绢,也令人想到「诏谓」写诏令的意象;「意匠惨淡经营中」令人想到「惨淡经营」写苦心经营的意象——「意匠惨淡经营中」,也令人想到「意匠」写意匠(构思)的意象;「斯须九重真龙出」令人想到「九重」写九重宫的意象,也令人想到「真龙」写真龙的意象——以真龙喻画马;「一洗万古凡马空」令人想到「凡马空」写凡马皆空的意象——「一洗万古凡马空」正是杜甫的名句;「玉花却在御榻上」令人想到「御榻」写御榻的意象,也令人想到「玉花」写玉花骢的意象;「榻上庭前屹相向」令人想到「屹相向」写屹然相向的意象——画马与真马相对;「至尊含笑催赐金」令人想到「至尊」写皇帝的意象,也令人想到「催赐金」写催赐金的意象;「圉人太仆皆惆怅」令人想到「圉人太仆」写养马官、掌马官的意象——「圉人太仆皆惆怅」写画马乱真,也令人想到「皆惆怅」写皆惆怅的意象;「弟子韩干早入室」令人想到「韩干」写画马名家韩干的典故——韩干师曹霸,也令人想到「入室」写入室的意象——「入室弟子」;「亦能画马穷殊相」令人想到「穷殊相」写穷尽殊相的意象,也令人想到「画马」写画马的意象;「干惟画肉不画骨」令人想到「画肉不画骨」写画马之失的意象——「干惟画肉不画骨」正是杜甫的名句,也令人想到「骅骝」写骏马的意象——「骅骝气凋丧」写骏马之气凋丧;「将军画善盖有神」令人想到「画善盖有神」写画善有神的意象——「有神」写传神,也令人想到「将军」写曹霸的意象;「必逢佳士亦写真」令人想到「写真」写画像的意象,也令人想到「佳士」写佳士的意象;「即今漂泊干戈际」令人想到「漂泊」写漂泊的意象——「漂泊西南天地间」(杜甫),也令人想到「干戈际」写战乱之际的意象;「屡貌寻常行路人」令人想到「寻常行路人」写寻常路人的意象——盛时画御马、衰时画路人,也令人想到「屡貌」写屡屡画像的意象;「途穷反遭俗眼白」令人想到「眼白」写白眼(睥睨)的意象——「青白眼」阮籍,也令人想到「途穷」写途穷的意象——「穷途」;「世上未有如公贫」令人想到「如公贫」写如公贫的意象——「未有如公贫」写穷极,也令人想到「世上未有」写世上没有的意象;「但看古来盛名下」令人想到「盛名」写盛名的意象,也令人想到「古来盛名下」写古来盛名之下的意象;「终日坎壈缠其身」令人想到「坎壈」写困顿不得志的意象——「坎壈缠其身」,也令人想到「缠其身」写缠身的意象。全诗化用魏武、卫夫人、王右军、富贵浮云、凌烟阁、玉花骢、韩干、青白眼、坎壈的典故与意象,以题画写身世,正是杜甫「沉郁顿挫」而善用铺叙、承题画传统写感慨的本领。
Commentary
The poem is universally counted among the summit of Du Fu's long verse and among the greatest of Chinese paintings-poems. Qing readers praised its 'steady and harsh' deciduous rhythm and its refusal to flatter; modern readers have noted how unusually self-aware it is, since Du Fu, who who spent a decade and more seeking patronage at the capital, is describing a man whose fate is his own. The dialogue with the two neighbouring poems it recalls — 'On Wu the Dancer's Disciple and Her Sword Dance' and 'The Hu Horse of the Fang Garrison' — is deliberate: one poet, three arts, one theme of rise and ruin.
此诗历来被推为杜甫题画诗的名篇,也是中国画论诗的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高:清人评此诗「以题画写身世,沉郁顿挫」;近人更指出「斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空」写曹霸画马之神,「干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧」写韩干画马不及曹霸,是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上,此诗的特殊价值在于:它以四十句的长篇写尽曹霸画马与漂泊的感慨——那魏武的子孙,那为庶为清门的沦落,那犹存的文彩风流,那学书的卫夫人,那丹青不知老将至,那富贵如浮云,那开元的引见,那南薰殿的承恩,那凌烟功臣,那开生面的下笔,那毛发动,那英姿飒爽,那玉花骢,那画工如山,那惨淡经营,那九重真龙出,那一洗万古凡马空,那御榻上的玉花,那催赐金,那画肉不画骨的韩干,那漂泊干戈际,那寻常行路人,那俗眼白,那未有如公贫,那坎壈缠身,都写尽了杜甫对曹霸画马与身世的感慨;那「途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫」更写尽曹霸的穷困。此诗与杜甫《观公孙大娘弟子舞剑器行》同为咏艺名篇,一写画马(丹青引),一写剑舞(舞剑器行);又与曹霸、韩干画马的传统一脉相承,可见杜甫以画论人、以人写己的深意。对于今日读者,此诗是理解杜甫题画诗的窗口,也是中国画论诗的经典——那一洗万古凡马空的真龙,穿越千年,仍在诉说着画家的盛名与坎坷。
Prosody
Line by line
斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空
In an instant the true dragon of the ninefold gate came forth, washing clean the common horses of ten thousand ages.
片刻之间画出了九重宫中的真龙,一洗万古凡马为之一空。
In a moment, a true dragon issues from the ninefold palace; once and for all, all the common horses of the ages are emptied out.
此二句是全诗写画艺的核心,以真龙出写画马之神,以凡马空写画艺之高,写尽曹霸画马之神,是千古名句。「斯须九重真龙出」写片刻之间画出了九重宫中的真龙——那「斯须」写片刻之间,「九重真龙出」写九重宫中真龙出现,写尽曹霸画马之速之神;「一洗万古凡马空」写一洗万古凡马为之一空——那「一洗」写一洗,「万古凡马空」写万古凡马皆空,写尽曹霸画马之高。这句的深意在于:它以「斯须九重真龙出」的真龙出与「一洗万古凡马空」的凡马空,写尽曹霸画马之神——片刻之间画出了九重宫中的真龙,那「斯须九重真龙出」写尽曹霸画马之速之神——斯须(片刻)之间,画马如真龙出自九重,那「真龙出」写尽画马之神(以真龙喻画马);一洗万古凡马为之一空,那「一洗万古凡马空」写尽曹霸画马之高——画马一出,万古凡马皆黯然失色,那「凡马空」写尽画马超绝凡马;那「斯须九重真龙出」写尽曹霸画马之速之神,那「一洗万古凡马空」写尽画马之高,一写真龙出,一写凡马空,写尽曹霸画马之神——斯须画成真龙,凡马尽空,正是画马艺术的极致;此二句以真龙出、凡马空写尽曹霸画马之神,也让此二句成为全诗写画艺的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「曹霸画马画得非常好」,则失其夸张;唯以「斯须九重真龙出」写真龙出、「一洗万古凡马空」写凡马空,写尽曹霸画马之神,也让此二句成为全诗写画艺的核心。
Du Fu describes Cao Ba painting a horse, and the painting is too good. In a moment, a true dragon issues from the ninefold palace—the painted horse is no longer a horse but a dragon, the legendary creature that is a horse's apotheosis. Once it is on the scroll, all the common horses of the ages are emptied out, as though Cao Ba had made every other painter's work obsolete. The moment and the once-for-all measure speed and totality: the painting is done in an instant, and it changes the history of art. To have said Cao Ba painted marvellous horses would be praise; the true dragon that empties the ages is the marvel.
干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧
But Gan paints flesh and never bone; how can he let the spirit of the lian steeds be broken?
韩干只画肉不画骨,忍心使骅骝的神气凋丧。
Han Gan only painted the flesh, not the bone; how could he bear to let the spirit of the steed wither away?
此二句是全诗写品评的核心,以画肉不画骨写韩干之失,以骅骝气凋丧写画马之神气,写尽曹霸画马之高于韩干,是千古名句。「干惟画肉不画骨」写韩干只画肉不画骨——那「干」写韩干,「惟画肉不画骨」写只画肉不画骨,写尽韩干画马之失;「忍使骅骝气凋丧」写忍心使骅骝的神气凋丧——那「骅骝」写骏马,「气凋丧」写神气凋丧,写尽画马无神的可痛。这句的深意在于:它以「干惟画肉不画骨」的画肉不画骨与「忍使骅骝气凋丧」的气凋丧,写尽曹霸画马之高于韩干——韩干只画肉不画骨,那「干惟画肉不画骨」写尽韩干画马之失——韩干画马,惟画肉而不画骨,那「画肉不画骨」写尽韩干画马的有肉无骨、有形无神;忍心使骅骝的神气凋丧,那「忍使骅骝气凋丧」写尽画马无神的可痛——画肉不画骨,使骏马的神气凋丧,那「气凋丧」写尽画马无神的可痛;那「干惟画肉不画骨」写尽韩干画马之失,那「忍使骅骝气凋丧」写尽画马无神的可痛,一写失,一写痛,写尽曹霸画马之高于韩干——画肉不画骨,则神气凋丧;曹霸画马有神(画善盖有神),故高于韩干,正是以韩干之失衬曹霸之神的笔法;此二句以画肉不画骨、骅骝气凋丧写尽曹霸画马之高于韩干,也让此二句成为全诗写品评的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「韩干画马不如曹霸」,则失其形象;唯以「干惟画肉不画骨」写其失、「忍使骅骝气凋丧」写其痛,写尽曹霸画马之高于韩干,也让此二句成为全诗写品评的核心。
The poem's famous art criticism uses a rival as foil. Han Gan only painted the flesh, not the bone; how could he bear to let the spirit of the steed wither away? Han Gan, another great horse painter, rendered the plump body of the Tang stable horses, but Du Fu judges him: flesh without bone means no sinew, no inner structure, and so no spirit. The word how could he bear frames it as cruelty—the living steed's vitality wasted on the canvas. The distinction between bone and flesh became the classical Chinese formula for painting that captures structure and spirit. To have said Han Gan was inferior to Cao Ba would be a verdict; flesh-without-bone is the criticism.
Study
Word focus
Related Reading
The 'Wu jian qi xing' opens 'There was once a beauty, Lady Gongsun, and once her dance moved four quarters' and then asks how much time has passed: fifty years like a flip of the hand. This poem opens 'The general is a descendant of Wei Wu; today he is a commoner'. The same device — a name and a ruin in a single line — makes the two poems twins, and Du Fu's preference for public performers over private comfort is identical in both.
杜甫《观公孙大娘弟子舞剑器行》「昔有佳人公孙氏,一舞剑器动四方」「五十年间似反掌,风尘澒洞昏王室」写剑舞的盛衰,是杜甫的名篇。此诗《丹青引赠曹将军霸》则「斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空」「途穷反遭俗眼白,世上未有如公贫」写画马的盛衰。同为杜甫咏艺写盛衰,一写「㸌如羿射九日落」的剑舞(舞剑器行),一写「斯须九重真龙出」的画马(丹青引);一以「绛唇珠袖两寂寞」写盛衰,一以「于今为庶为清门」写盛衰。两诗对读,可见杜甫借艺人写盛衰的深意。
房兵曹胡马 Fang Bingcao Hu Ma (The Hu Horse of the Fang Garrison) 杜甫 · 同杜甫写马,一咏真马一咏画马 Both are Du Fu poems on horses — one a living steed, one a painted one — and each praises spirit over bulk.'Fangbingcao hu ma' gives us 'like a bamboo-tipped pair of ears, and the wind entering four hooves' and then says such a horse may be trusted with your life. 'Danqing yin' gives us the same horse in paint and says the painter's rival cannot draw the bone. The shared subject is the Tang taste for the horse with spirit rather than mass, and Du Fu uses it to talk about men too.
杜甫《房兵曹胡马》「竹批双耳峻,风入四蹄轻」「所向无空阔,真堪托死生」写胡马的神骏,是杜甫的名篇。此诗《丹青引赠曹将军霸》则「斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空」「干惟画肉不画骨,忍使骅骝气凋丧」写画马的神骏。同为杜甫写马,一写「所向无空阔」的真马(房兵曹胡马),一写「一洗万古凡马空」的画马(丹青引);一以「骁腾有如此」写神骏,一以「画善盖有神」写传神。两诗对读,可见杜甫写马的一贯。