汉 Han · 古诗 Ancient poem
庭中有奇树
A Rare Tree in the Courtyard
庭中有奇树,绿叶发华滋。
攀条折其荣,将以遗所思。
馨香盈怀袖,路远莫致之。
此物何足贵?
但感别经时。
Green leaves and blossoms lush and fine.
I break a branch to pluck its bloom,
To give to him I have in mind.
Its fragrance fills my sleeves and breast,
But the road is far, it cannot go.
What is this flower worth at all?
Only that we parted long ago.
Meaning
The poem depicts a woman in her courtyard who sees a rare tree in bloom, picks a flower to send to her distant beloved, but the road is too far. She concludes that the flower itself is not valuable, but it reminds her of their long separation.
庭院中有一株珍异的树,绿叶间开出了繁盛的花。我攀折枝条摘下花朵,想要寄赠给远方所思念的人。花香盈满衣襟袖口,只恨路途遥远无法送达。这花本身有什么可贵?不过感念我们离别已经很久了。全诗以叙事带情,借折花寄远不得写离别之久与相思之深,语淡情浓,含蓄不尽,是《古诗十九首》「折芳寄远」母题的典型作品。
Appreciation
This poem, the ninth of the Nineteen Old Poems, portrays a woman's wistful longing as she picks a flower to send to her distant beloved. It moves from the blooming tree, to her hopeful act, to the frustration of distance, ending with a poignant rhetorical question that shifts value from the flower to the emotion of separation.
【白话串讲】 院子里有棵奇树,花开得很美。折一枝想送给思念的人,路太远,送不到。“此物何足贵?但感别经时”——花本身不贵,贵在我想起你已经很久了。 【意象与手法】 全诗以叙事带情,起笔写景,由奇树发华自然过渡到攀条折荣的动作;「将以遗所思」点题,以下「馨香盈怀袖」写痴情,「路远莫致之」陡生阻隔,末二句以反问作结,波折层生。语言省净,含蓄不尽,得风人之旨。 【情感与主旨】 本篇为《文选》所录《古诗十九首》第九首,无名氏作,约出于东汉后期。汉末士人游宦、行役频繁,夫妇久别成为普遍社会现象,文人拟闺情以寄慨,折芳寄远遂成诗题中常见意象。此诗即借思妇折花不得寄,写离别之久与相思之深。 【名句点睛】 常考「馨香盈怀袖」的动作细节与「路远莫致之」的转折,及末二句「此物何足贵?但感别经时」的反诘——以淡语收浓情,是《古诗十九首》「语浅情长」风格的典范。
Background
This is the ninth of the Nineteen Old Poems in the Wenxuan anthology, by an anonymous poet of the late Eastern Han. During this era, scholars often traveled far for official duties, causing prolonged separations between couples. The motif of picking a flower to send to a distant loved one became a common poetic trope.
本篇为南朝梁萧统《文选》所录《古诗十九首》之第九首,作者为东汉后期无名氏文人。《古诗十九首》是我国最早成熟的文人五言诗,钟嵘《诗品》誉之为「文温以丽,意悲而远,惊心动魄,可谓几乎一字千金」,其作者非一人一时,多出于东汉桓灵之世。东汉后期,政治黑暗,外戚宦官交替专权,士人仕进无门、游宦四方,或负笈远游求取功名,或被征辟而离家万里,夫妇、亲友长期分离成为普遍的社会现象;加之路途遥远、音书难通,「别离」遂成为此期诗歌最重要的母题。此诗即写一位深闺思妇:庭院中一株奇树开花,她攀条折花,想寄给远方的丈夫,然而路远莫致,只能对花兴叹。全诗借一个极平常的日常生活细节,写出离别之久与相思之深,是「折芳寄远」母题的典型作品,与《涉江采芙蓉》(「采之欲遗谁?所思在远道」)同一机杼;诗中「庭中有奇树」的庭院意象、「攀条折其荣」的动作描写,皆取材于最寻常的闺中生活,却写出了最深挚的情感,正体现了《古诗十九首》「以平凡写永恒」的艺术品格。
Art
The poem narrates with emotion, starting with a scene of a tree in blossom and moving seamlessly to the action of picking. The pivot comes with 'the road is far', creating a barrier, and the closing rhetorical question adds depth. The language is succinct and subtle, embodying the gentle and restrained style of the Nineteen Old Poems.
全诗十句,以叙事带情,章法上「起、承、转、合」俱全,波折层生。首二句「庭中有奇树,绿叶发华滋」起笔写景:庭院中一株奇树,绿叶间开出繁盛的花,「奇」字见树之珍异,「滋」字见花之繁盛,春日生机扑面而来。三、四句「攀条折其荣,将以遗所思」承写动作:由树及花、由花及人,攀条折荣,为的是寄赠远方所思之人,「遗」(wèi,赠送)字点出折花的动机,是全诗的题眼。五、六句「馨香盈怀袖,路远莫致之」一转:花折下了,馨香盈满怀袖,然而路远难致,「盈」字写花香之浓、爱惜之久,「莫致」二字陡生阻隔,由喜转憾,是全诗情感的低谷。末二句「此物何足贵?但感别经时」合而收束:以反问作结——这花本不足贵,只是感念离别太久,借花以寄相思罢了。「何足贵」的自我消解与「别经时」的沉痛直陈相撞击,把全诗的情感推向高潮又归于平淡。全诗语言省净,无一字雕琢,而叙事中见情、动作中见心、反问中见痛,正是《古诗十九首》「深衷浅貌、短语长情」的典型笔法。
Allusions
The act of picking flowers to send to a distant loved one inherits the tradition from the Book of Songs and the Songs of Chu. The character '遗' (wèi) means 'to give'. Later poems like Wang Wei's 'Love Seeds' continue this motif.
此诗用典不多,而皆融化于日常,是汉诗「用典不使人觉」的典范。「折芳寄远」的传统,源远流长:《诗经·郑风·溱洧》「维士与女,伊其相谑,赠之以勺药」已有赠花示爱之俗,《楚辞·九歌·湘夫人》「搴汀洲兮杜若,将以遗兮远者」、《离骚》「折琼枝以继佩」更确立了「采芳赠远」的抒情模式——以香草美人的意象寄托对远方之人的思念。此诗承此传统,「攀条折其荣,将以遗所思」正是《湘夫人》「将以遗兮远者」的化用,而更家常、更亲切。「奇树」暗用《淮南子》「奇树异草」之说及汉乐府中「庭中有奇树」的民歌语汇,写庭院之树非比寻常,为折花寄远张本;「绿叶发华滋」之「华」即花,以花之繁盛象征情意之丰沛;「馨香盈怀袖」暗承《楚辞》「被石兰兮带杜衡」的香草意象,以香写情,香满衣怀正是情满心胸。后世王维《相思》「愿君多采撷,此物最相思」、陆凯《赠范晔》「折梅逢驿使,寄与陇头人」皆承此「折芳寄远」一脉,可见此诗在赠答相思传统中的源头意义。
Commentary
Zhong Rong's Shipin praised the Nineteen Old Poems as 'warm and elegant, sorrowful yet profound'. Wang Fuzhi commented that this poem never directly states longing, but feeling overflows from the actions of picking, filling sleeves, and the distant road.
此诗为《古诗十九首》中写别离相思的名篇,历代评价极高。钟嵘《诗品》评《古诗十九首》「文温以丽,意悲而远」,此诗正是「温丽悲远」的标本:语言温润丽雅,情感悲切幽远,而无一字激烈。清人沈德潜《古诗源》评《古诗十九首》「言情不尽,其情乃长」,此诗以「但感别经时」五字收束,正是「言情不尽」的笔法——不直说相思之苦,只说「感念离别太久」,而千言万语尽在其中。王夫之《姜斋诗话》更称《古诗十九首》「惊心动魄」,此诗虽写闺中琐事,其「攀条折荣」「馨香盈怀袖」「路远莫致」的一连串动作与心理,正是「以平淡写惊心动魄」的典范。就文学史意义言,此诗代表了《古诗十九首》的最高成就——它把汉乐府的民歌质素与文人的精思熔于一炉,以最平常的庭院、花树、怀袖写出了离别的永恒主题;其「折芳寄远而路远莫致」的构思,更为后世相思诗确立了范型,影响了王维、陆凯乃至无数文人,是「古诗」一体的经典之作,也是中国抒情诗中「以小见大、以物写情」的传统源头。
Prosody
Line by line
庭中有奇树,绿叶发华滋。
There is a rare tree in the courtyard, with green leaves and lush blossoms. This scene inspires the act of picking.
庭院中有一株珍异的树,绿叶间开出了繁盛的花
In the courtyard is a rare tree; green leaves put forth abundant blossoms.
首二句起笔写景,是全诗的兴象所在。「庭中」点明地点——不是野外,不是路旁,而是自家庭院,这株树是思妇日日相对的景物,春来花开,她首先看见;「奇树」写树之珍异,「奇」字见其非同凡响,为后文折花寄远张本——正因为是奇树,其花才值得寄赠;「绿叶发华滋」写花开之盛,「发」字见花开之动态,如春意迸发,「华」即花,「滋」字写花色润泽、繁盛饱满。两句写景而暗含时序:绿叶繁花,正是春光烂漫之时,而春光愈好,独处愈难堪——这满树繁花无人共赏,自然引出折花寄远的念头。此二句以乐景起笔,为全诗的「以乐写哀」奠定基础:花开得越盛,思妇的孤独越显,春意越浓,离愁越重,正是《诗经》「桃之夭夭」式的起兴笔法,而更含蓄、更家常。
The tree. In the courtyard is a rare tree; green leaves put forth abundant blossoms. The rare tree in her own court is the first thing she sees in spring. The more abundant the blossoms, the more alone she is to enjoy them. To have described a courtyard tree in bloom would be scenery; the rare courtyard tree with leaves and abundant blossoms is the scenery.
攀条折其荣,将以遗所思。
I climb and break a branch to pluck its bloom, intending to give it to my beloved. This reveals her longing.
我攀折枝条摘下花朵,想要寄赠给远方所思念的人
I climb a branch and break a flower, meaning to send it to the one I think of.
三、四句承写动作,是全诗由景及人、由物及情的转折,也是题旨的正面揭示。「攀条折其荣」写折花的动作:攀着枝条,摘下繁花,「攀」「折」两个动词写尽动作的认真与珍重,不是随手一摘,而是攀枝探取、拣最好的花折下;「将以遗所思」点明折花的动机——「遗」(wèi)即赠送,所思即远方思念的人,折花是为了寄赠。「将以遗所思」五字,是全诗的题眼,此语本从《楚辞·九歌·湘夫人》「搴汀洲兮杜若,将以遗兮远者」化出,而更平易家常:她把整个春天、全部心意都寄托在这枝花上,想象着远方的人收到时的欢喜。两句以最朴素的叙事写最深的相思,不言「思」而「思」在其中,正是汉诗「以事写情」的本色,也为下文「路远莫致之」的转折预伏了落差——希望越大,失落越深。
The picking. I climb a branch and break a flower, meaning to send it to the one I think of. The two verbs (climb, break) show the care; the intended gift is the poem's heart. To have said she picked a flower for her absent husband would be an action; the branch climbed and the flower broken to send to the beloved are the action.
馨香盈怀袖,路远莫致之。
Fragrance fills my bosom and sleeves, but the road is too far to deliver. A shift from hope to disappointment.
花香盈满衣襟袖口,只恨路途遥远无法送达
Its fragrance fills my breast and sleeves; the road is far, and I cannot send it.
五、六句是全诗的转折,由折花的欣喜陡然转入莫致的憾恨,是全诗情感最深沉的所在。「馨香盈怀袖」写花香充满衣襟袖口:「馨香」是花之芬芳,「盈」字写香之浓、之满,仿佛要将怀袖填满——她久久地捧着花,香气浸透了衣衫,这「盈」字里既有对花的珍爱,更有对远方之人「恨不能与之同香」的痴情,花香愈浓,愈见其不舍;「路远莫致之」笔锋陡转,五字如冷水浇头——花再好,香再浓,路远难致,寄不出去。「莫致之」写希望的彻底落空:不是不愿寄,而是无法寄,山长水远,音书难通,何况一枝娇花?前后两句,一盈一阻、一热一冷,形成巨大的情感落差,「盈怀袖」的痴情与「莫致之」的无奈相撞击,相思之苦在这一瞬间达到顶点,是全诗「以转写深」的枢纽。
The block. Its fragrance fills my breast and sleeves; the road is far, and I cannot send it. The fragrance held in the sleeves (long holding the flower) against the far road that defeats delivery is the turning point. To have said she held the flower but could not send it would be a detail; the fragrance filling the breast-sleeve against the road that cannot carry it is the detail.
此物何足贵?但感别经时。
What is this flower worth? Only that it reminds me of our long parting. A rhetorical question emphasizing emotion over object.
这花本身有什么可贵?不过感念我们离别已经很久了
What is this thing worth? I am only grieved that we have been parted so long.
末二句以反问收束,是全诗的「豹尾」,也是《古诗十九首》「以淡语写深情」的典范。「此物何足贵」先自我消解——这花有什么可贵呢?寻常庭树之花,本不足珍;「但感别经时」再点出真意——只是感念离别太久,才借这枝花寄托相思罢了。「但」字一转,把全诗的情感聚焦到「别经时」三字上:离别已经很久了,久到看见花开便会想起你,久到无物可寄而相思难已。「何足贵」与「别经时」对举,一轻一重:花不足贵,情才可贵;物轻而情重,正是「千里送鹅毛,礼轻情意重」的先声。此二句的妙处在于:前八句写折花、盈袖、莫致,都是动作与事件,末二句却忽然跳出事件,以反问自答,把「为什么折花」的答案和盘托出——原来一切都因为「别经时」,离愁之深,至此方和盘托出,却又止于「感念」二字,语淡而情浓,言尽而意远。
The reflection. What is this thing worth? I am only grieved that we have been parted so long. The flower itself is nothing; the long separation is everything. The rhetorical question undoes the picking. To have said the flower was nothing but the separation long would be a reflection; the what-is-this-worth against the but-grieved-by-the-long-parting is the reflection.
Study
Word focus
Related Reading
Both poems involve picking something to send to a distant loved one, but this poem focuses on a tree in the courtyard, while the other features lotus from the river. The speaker here is likely a woman at home, while in the other it could be a traveler.
《涉江采芙蓉》「涉江采芙蓉,兰泽多芳草。采之欲遗谁?所思在远道。还顾望旧乡,长路漫浩浩。同心而离居,忧伤以终老」与此诗同出《古诗十九首》,同为「采芳寄远而路远难致」的经典:一涉江采芙蓉,一攀条折荣华,同是折花赠远;一「采之欲遗谁?所思在远道」,一「将以遗所思」,同是所思在远;一「长路漫浩浩」,一「路远莫致之」,同是阻隔难通。而抒情主体略异:彼诗或为游子口气,兼写「还顾望旧乡」,此诗纯为思妇口气,只写庭院闺中;彼诗「同心而离居,忧伤以终老」直抒沉痛,此诗「但感别经时」含蓄节制。二诗并读,正可见《古诗十九首》中同一母题的两种处理,一浓一淡、一露一藏,各极其妙。
相思 Love Seeds 王维 · 同写折物寄相思,可见由汉到唐「折芳寄远」传统的演变 Continuation of the flower-picking traditionWang Wei's poem uses red beans (love seeds) to express longing, echoing the earlier tradition. It differs in being more concise and elegant, reflecting Tang dynasty style.
王维《相思》「红豆生南国,春来发几枝。愿君多采撷,此物最相思」与此诗同属「折物寄远」一脉:一折庭院奇树之花,一采南国红豆,皆以物寄情;一「馨香盈怀袖」而路远莫致,一「愿君多采撷」而此物相思,皆以物写情。而风格演变历历可见:汉诗以叙事带情,「攀条折其荣」「路远莫致之」句句写事,情在事中,古拙质朴;唐诗以咏物见意,「此物最相思」直接点破,含蓄清丽,明快自然。一以「莫致」写阻隔之憾,一以「采撷」写祝福之愿,情感取向亦由悲转朗。二诗并读,正可见「折芳寄远」母题由汉魏古拙到唐代清丽、由抒写离愁到寄寓友情的发展轨迹,是中国诗歌意象传统承传演变的绝佳例证。