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明 Ming · 诗 Poem

燕京杂诗

Miscellaneous Poems on Yanjing

高启

Gao Qi

纪行travel record 都市capital city 明诗Ming poetry

玉帛会同来万国，衣冠拜舞集千官。
宫前晓色瞻龙衮，仗外春晴识凤团。
日转觚棱金气肃，风回辇道玉声寒。
太平无事封章少，郎署何人独夜看。

Jade and silk, the gathering of tribute—ten thousand states come; robes and caps, bowing in dance—a thousand officials assemble.
Before the palace, in the dawn light, I gaze on the dragon robe; beyond the banners, in the clear spring, I know the phoenix round.
The sun turns past the roof-ridge; golden air is solemn; wind returns along the carriage-way; jade sound is cold.
In great peace with no affairs, the memorials are few; in the ministry, who alone watches through the night?

Listen

Meaning

The poem depicts the grand audience at the early-Ming capital—tribute-bearing states and assembled officials—yet closes by turning from splendor to a lonely official watching through the night, faintly revealing the poet's solitary self-reflection amid the praising of the age.

玉帛朝会，万国来同；衣冠拜舞，千官聚集。宫前晓色中瞻望天子的龙袍，仪仗之外春晴里认得凤团之纹。日影转过觚棱，金气肃穆；风回辇道，玉声生寒。太平无事，封章渐少；郎署之中，是谁独在夜深观看。

Appreciation

It lays out the ceremony's splendor with fine brushwork, rich in color (jade, gold, phoenix, dragon). Moving from the grand to the solitary, it closes on a question, hiding coolness within the grand—Gao Qi's settled, seven-character-lu style. Its famous line 'in the ministry, who alone watches through the night' closes on the question of one sober in a flourishing age, leaving a thread of coolness within the praise.

【白话串讲】高启写京城早朝：“玉帛会同来万国，衣冠拜舞集千官”——“宫前晓色瞻龙衮，仗外春晴识凤团”。“太平无事封章少，郎署何人独夜看”——他写京城的繁华，也写自己的寂寞。【意象与手法】以工笔铺写朝仪之盛，设色富丽（玉、金、凤、龙）。由宏阔入幽独，结以设问，盛中藏清冷，是高启七律的沉稳一路。【情感与主旨】既铺陈新朝太平气象，亦于'郎署何人独夜看'中见诗人自守之孤怀。高启诗兼学唐人，此篇近杜甫《秋兴》之典重。【名句点睛】郎署何人独夜看——以盛世独醒之问收束，于颂声里留一缕清冷。

Background

Gao Qi was the foremost poet of early Ming, once summoned to compile the 'Yuan History' and dwell in Nanjing. This 'Miscellaneous Poems on Yanjing' writes of the grand audience and new-dynasty air at the early-Ming capital, roughly written during his stay at court.

高启（一三三六至一三七四），字季迪，号青丘子，长洲人，明初诗坛巨擘，与杨基、张羽、徐贲称「吴中四杰」，诗兼学汉魏盛唐，风格清俊雄健，为明诗开国第一家。明太祖洪武初，征修《元史》，授翰林院国史编修，后擢户部右侍郎，高启固辞归里，终因魏观《上梁文》案受牵连被腰斩，年仅三十九。《燕京杂诗》一题，当为其入京参与修史或任职期间所作，写明初新朝都城（时都南京，诗题「燕京」或沿古称或泛指都城）朝会之盛。明初太祖励精图治，国家初定，朝仪整肃，万国来朝、衣冠拜舞的太平气象，正是新兴王朝自信的投射。高启以诗笔铺写朝仪之盛，既是对新朝的颂美，亦暗含一位由元入明的文人于「太平无事」中自守孤怀的复杂心绪——尾联「郎署何人独夜看」的设问，正是易代士人于颂圣声里留一缕清冷的自省。此诗宜置于高启由元入明的身世语境中读，其颂中有慎、热中有冷，最见明初文人仕隐之间的微妙张力。

Art

The seven-character lu is firm and even, the middle two couplets neatly antithetical; it displays great-state air through the ceremonial display, then reverses with the lone official's question—strict in method.

此诗章法由宏阔入幽独，以工笔铺写朝仪之盛，而于尾联微露孤怀，盛中藏冷，结构极具张力。首联「玉帛会同来万国，衣冠拜舞集千官」以「万国」「千官」的宏大空间起笔，写朝会之盛、万方来同，气象开阔；颔联「宫前晓色瞻龙衮，仗外春晴识凤团」由宏观收至宫前细节，「龙衮」「凤团」以帝王舆服纹饰写天威，设色富丽；颈联「日转觚棱金气肃，风回辇道玉声寒」转写殿宇楼观，「觚棱」「辇道」写宫禁森严，「金气肃」「玉声寒」以金玉之质写肃穆清寒，炼字精警；尾联「太平无事封章少，郎署何人独夜看」由盛转幽，以「封章少」点太平，以「独夜看」的设问收束，于颂圣中忽见孤臣自守之清冷。全诗对仗工切、设色富丽（玉、金、凤、龙并举），由宏入微、由热转冷，结以设问留白，是高启七律沉稳一路的显例，亦见其「颂中有慎」的含蓄笔力。由万国衣冠之宏阔，收至郎署独夜之幽清，盛中藏冷，热中寓慎，章法之妙在以设问留白，使颂圣之作别有孤臣自守之清骨。全诗对仗工切而设色富丽，却于尾联陡然一转，以「独夜看」三字将宏大叙事收束为个体自省，这种由群像到个我、由喧阗到孤清的结构，正是高启七律沉稳中见深沉的关键所在。

Allusions

'Jade and silk, the gathering' (yu bo hui tong): the ritual of feudal lords' audience; 'dragon robe' (long gun): the Son of Heaven's ceremonial dress; 'phoenix round' (feng tuan): a phoenix-patterned round fan or banner; 'roof-ridge' (gu leng): the corner of a palace eave; 'memorial' (feng zhang): a submitted document.

「玉帛会同」典出《左传·僖公十五年》「玉帛之使」及《论语》「会盟之事，玉帛云乎哉」，本指诸侯盟会所持瑞玉束帛，后泛指朝聘会盟，高启用以写万国来朝之礼，气象堂皇。「万国」承《诗经·商颂·殷武》「四方来贺」及唐人「九天阊阖开宫殿，万国衣冠拜冕旒」（王维）之境，直接袭用王维《和贾舍人早朝》成句之意，可见其对盛唐朝会诗的熟稔。「龙衮」为帝王礼服，绣龙纹，典出《诗经·豳风·九罭》「衮衣绣裳」及历代舆服志；「凤团」本为宋代贡茶名（龙凤团茶），此处借指仪仗上的凤纹团饰，以「凤团」对「龙衮」，天威与祥瑞并陈。「觚棱」指宫阙转角瓦脊，《后汉书·班固传》「设璧门之凤阙，上觚棱而栖金雀」，写宫禁之威；「辇道」为帝王车辇所行之道。全诗句句有典依、字字本于庙堂书写传统，用事融于颂美，最见明初馆阁体的典重渊源与高启「兼学汉唐」的深厚根柢。玉帛、万国、龙衮、凤团、觚棱、辇道，皆庙堂书写之经典语汇，高启驱遣自如，既显明初馆阁体之典重渊源，亦见其兼学汉唐的深厚根柢。诗中意象多有所本而浑化无痕，可见其于盛唐王维、杜甫朝会诸作浸淫之深，然结以自家「独夜看」的孤怀，则古语之中别铸新意，用典之妙在似承实创。

Commentary

Ji Di's seven-character lu, deep and grand, approaches Du Fu; this piece is stately, alongside 'Climbing the Rain-Flower Terrace at Jinling to View the Great River' showing his equal command of court and mountain.

高启为明初诗坛冠冕，清人赵翼《瓯北诗话》称「高青丘诗，才气超迈，音节响亮，空前绝后」，近人论明诗多以高启为开国第一家，其七律兼学杜甫之典重与盛唐之气象。《燕京杂诗》写朝会之盛，向为论者所重，被视为高启七律「沉稳」一路的代表。它与杜甫《秋兴八首》的典重气象一脉相通，而于尾联「郎署何人独夜看」微露孤臣自省，较杜诗之沉郁更多一分明初文人的审慎。今人读之，既能赏其「日转觚棱金气肃，风回辇道玉声寒」的工切对仗与富丽设色，亦当体会高启由元入明、于太平颂声里独留清冷的自守之心——这种「颂中有慎、热中有冷」的复杂心境，正是易代文人仕隐张力的真实投射。此诗以七律之体写新朝气象，典重而不失清气，足称明初馆阁体未盛之际、诗人个人风格与时代颂美相调和的佳作，亦为研究高启诗风多元性的重要文本。赵翼推为明诗开国第一家，此诗典重而含清气，于铺陈新朝气象中微露易代文人的审慎自省，最见高启七律沉稳一路的多元风神。由元入明的身世背景，使高启的颂圣之作天然带有一种分寸与保留，这种「颂中有慎」的复杂心境，恰是易代之际士人仕隐张力的真实投射，亦为此诗超越应制之作的内核。

Prosody

Form Seven-character regulated poem (lu shi)诗·七言律诗

Rhyme Rhyme not specified in the source.押平声寒韵（官、团、寒、看），首句不入韵，一韵到底

Tone pattern The middle two couplets are antithetical.七律平起首句不入韵格（首句「国」为入声不入韵）

Reading note A seven-character regulated poem: the first two couplets lavishly write the audience's splendor and the forbidden precinct's solemnity; the last couplet 'in great peace the memorials are few, who alone watches the night' uses idle coolness to set off the splendor—among Ji Di's commissioned pieces, one with hidden intent.此诗为七言律诗，体制谨严，依七律平起首句不入韵之格（首句「玉帛会同来万国」以入声「国」收，不入韵），以下「官」「团」「寒」「看」皆押平声寒韵，一韵到底，响亮典重，与朝会颂圣的题材相得。中二联「宫前晓色瞻龙衮，仗外春晴识凤团」「日转觚棱金气肃，风回辇道玉声寒」对仗工切，设色富丽（玉、金、凤、龙并举），章法由宏阔的万国衣冠收束为微茫的「郎署独夜」，盛中藏清冷。高启为明初诗坛冠冕，其七律兼学杜甫之典重与盛唐之气象，此诗于铺陈新朝太平之余，于尾联「郎署何人独夜看」微露孤臣自省之意，盛衰反差暗藏其间。整体看，其格律之谐、对偶之工服务于颂圣与自守的双重表达，是明初七律中沉稳一路的佳作，亦可见高启「兼学汉唐」的广博腕力与身处易代之际的复杂心境。

Line by line

玉帛会同来万国，衣冠拜舞集千官。

Jade and silk, the gathering of tribute—ten thousand states come; robes and caps, bowing in dance—a thousand officials assemble.

玉帛朝会，万国来同；衣冠拜舞，千官聚集。

With jade and silk, ten thousand states come to the audience; capped officials bow and dance, a thousand assembled.

首联以宏阔的空间起笔，写新朝朝会之盛。「玉帛会同来万国」用《左传》玉帛会盟之典，写万方来朝、诸侯毕至的堂皇气象；「衣冠拜舞集千官」以「衣冠」代指文武朝臣，「拜舞」写其山呼朝贺之仪，「千官」极言其众。二句以「万国」对「千官」、以空间对人群，大开大阖，气象开阔，为全诗奠定颂圣的宏大基调。此联明显承王维「万国衣冠拜冕旒」的盛唐朝会诗境，可见高启对盛唐庙堂语汇的熟稔。尤为可味者，「万国」「千官」的喧阗与尾联「郎署独夜看」的孤清恰成反照——举朝皆醉（颂）而我独醒（看），盛中藏冷，二字遂兼具颂美与反衬的双重功能，最见炼字之巧与章法之妙。

The audience. With jade and silk, ten thousand states come to the audience; capped officials bow and dance, a thousand assembled. The ten thousand states and the thousand officials are the grand opening. To have assembled ten thousand states would be an assembly; the with-jade-and-silk-ten-thousand-states-come-to-the-audience-capped-officials-bow-and-dance-a-thousand-assembled is the assembly.

日转觚棱金气肃，风回辇道玉声寒。

The sun turns past the roof-ridge; golden air is solemn; wind returns along the carriage-way; jade sound is cold.

日影转过觚棱，金气肃穆；风回辇道，玉声生寒。

The sun turns on the gabled ridges, the golden air is solemn; wind returns along the imperial road, the jade pendants sound cold.

颈联是全诗炼字最精处，写宫禁殿宇的森严气象。「日转觚棱金气肃」写日影移过宫阙转角瓦脊，金碧之气肃穆凝重；「风回辇道玉声寒」写风过帝王车辇之道，玉饰相撞而生清寒之声。二句以「金」对「玉」、以「肃」对「寒」，金玉相映而肃寒并生，既写尽宫禁之威，亦透出一丝清冷——这丝清冷，恰与尾联「独夜看」的孤怀暗通。「觚棱」「辇道」皆庙堂专有意象，用事精切而不堆垛。高启以此一联收束中联，于富丽中藏清骨，最见其七律「设色富丽而气骨自张」的腕力，亦使盛大朝仪在金玉辉煌中暗含一缕寒意，为尾联的孤臣自省预植气脉。

The ridges. The sun turns on the gabled ridges, the golden air is solemn; wind returns along the imperial road, the jade pendants sound cold. The golden solemnity and the cold jade sound are the court. To have heard the cold jade would be a detail; the sun-turns-on-the-gabled-ridges-the-golden-air-is-solemn-wind-returns-along-the-imperial-road-the-jade-pendants-sound-cold is the detail.

太平无事封章少，郎署何人独夜看。

In great peace with no affairs, the memorials are few; in the ministry, who alone watches through the night?

太平无事，封章渐少；郎署之中，是谁独在夜深观看。

In peace, no affairs, few sealed memorials; in the ministry, who alone watches the night?

尾联是全诗由盛转幽的关纽，亦是高启孤怀自守的化身。「太平无事封章少」以「封章少」点出时世清平、谏章渐稀，表面是颂；「郎署何人独夜看」却以设问陡转——群臣散后，是谁独在郎署深夜凝望？「独夜看」三字耐人寻味：看什么？看太平之象？看封章之少？还是看自身在这盛朝中的渺小与清醒？以设问收束，不答而答，留白无尽。此句与首联「万国」「千官」的宏阔喧阗形成强烈反差：举朝皆颂而我独看，盛中藏冷，热中藏清。炼字之重，在以最平淡的设问，收束全篇的宏大叙事，举重若轻，余韵悠长，最见高启七律「颂中有慎」的含蓄笔力与易代文人的自省之心。

The watcher. In peace, no affairs, few sealed memorials; in the ministry, who alone watches the night? The few memorials and the who-alone-watches-night question are the close. To have watched the night alone would be a vigil; the in-peace-no-affairs-few-sealed-memorials-in-the-ministry-who-alone-watches-the-night is the vigil.

Study

Word focus

万国 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「玉帛会同来万国」之「万国」，写朝会时四方来同、诸侯毕至的宏阔空间，语出《诗经》「万邦」「九有」及唐人王维「万国衣冠拜冕旒」之境。高启袭用此词，既状明初新朝万方来朝之盛，亦借盛唐朝会诗的恢弘气脉以壮本朝。此二字以极大的空间尺度起笔，使首联「万国」对「千官」、空间对人群，气象开阔而堂皇，为全诗奠定颂圣的宏大基调。「万国」之「万」虽为虚数，却是古典朝会书写的恒定符号，承载着「天下归一」的政治想象。高启以「万国」开篇，既见其熟稔汉唐庙堂语汇，亦显新朝自信，而此盛景与尾联「郎署独夜看」的孤清恰成反照，盛衰对照间，二字遂兼具颂美与反衬的双重功能，最见炼字之巧。

金气肃 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「日转觚棱金气肃」之「金气肃」三字，写日影转过宫阙觚棱时，金碧之气森然肃穆，是全诗炼字最精处。「金」既指宫阙的金碧堂皇（觚棱本有「金雀」之饰），亦暗合五行中「金」主肃杀收敛的意象；「肃」写庄严整饬、令人屏息的殿宇之气。三字以「金」之质写「肃」之神，将无形的朝仪威严化为可感的视觉与气场，炼字冷峻而气象凝重。它与下句「玉声寒」工对，「金」对「玉」、「肃」对「寒」，金玉相映而肃寒并生，既写尽宫禁之威，亦透出一丝清冷——这丝清冷，恰与尾联「独夜看」的孤怀暗通。高启以此二字收束中联，于富丽中藏清骨，最见其七律「设色富丽而气骨自张」的腕力。

独夜看 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「郎署何人独夜看」之「独夜看」三字，是全诗由盛转幽的关纽，亦是高启孤怀自守的化身。「独夜」写万籁俱寂、群臣散后唯余一人的清冷，「看」字耐人寻味——看什么？看太平之象？看封章之少？还是看自身在这盛朝中的渺小与清醒？以设问收束，不答而答，留白无尽。「独夜看」与首联「万国」「千官」的宏阔喧阗形成强烈反差：举朝皆醉（颂）而我独醒（看），盛中藏冷，热中藏清。此三字既是易代文人于新朝颂声里自留一缕清冷的自省，亦暗含「太平无事」下士人职事清闲、抱负难展的淡淡失落。炼字之重，在以最平淡的三个字，收束全篇的宏大叙事，举重若轻，余韵悠长，最见高启七律「颂中有慎」的含蓄笔力。