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近现代近现代 · 文 Prose

济南的冬天

Winter in Jinan

老舍

Lao She

写景scenery 散文prose 城市印象city impressions

对于一个在北平住惯的人，像我，冬天要是不刮风，便觉得是奇迹；
济南的冬天是没有风声的。
对于一个刚由伦敦回来的人，像我，冬天要能看得见日光，便觉得是怪事；
济南的冬天是响晴的。

For a person used to living in Beiping, like me, a winter without wind feels like a miracle — and in Jinan the winter has no sound of wind. For a person just back from London, like me, a winter in which one can see the sun feels like a marvel — and in Jinan the winter is radiantly clear.

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Meaning

In the opening of his famous essay, Lao She sets Jinan's winter against two personal points of reference: the howling winds of Beiping and the sunless gloom of London. For someone from either city, a windless winter or a sunny one would be astonishing, yet Jinan's winter offers both at once. Through this double contrast he celebrates the mildness and clarity that make Jinan's winter so singularly lovable.

对于一个在北平住惯了的人，比如像我，冬天要是不刮风，便会觉得是奇迹——而济南的冬天是没有风声的。对于一个刚从伦敦回来的人，比如像我，冬天要是能看见太阳，便会觉得是怪事——而济南的冬天是响晴的。

Appreciation

The passage is built on contrast and refrain rather than direct description: Beiping's wind throws Jinan's stillness into relief, and London's fog sets off Jinan's radiant sunshine, so the city's virtues emerge without being named. The two parallel assertions — 'Jinan's winter has no sound of wind' and 'Jinan's winter is radiantly clear' — hammer the point home with accumulating warmth, moving from a negative blessing to a positive one. The intimate interjections 'like me' and the colloquial exclamations 'miracle' and 'marvel' lend the prose the tone of a friendly chat, distilling genuine freshness out of plain speech.

【白话串讲】老舍写《济南的冬天》：“对于一个在北平住惯的人，像我，冬天要是不刮风，便觉得是奇迹”——济南的冬天没有风。“对于一个刚由伦敦回来的人，像我，冬天要能看得见日光，便觉得是怪事”——济南冬天响晴。“一个老城，有山有水，全在天底下晒着阳光”——他写济南冬天的温情。【意象与手法】本文是散文名篇《济南的冬天》的开篇，运用对比与衬托：以北平之「刮风」衬济南之「没有风声」，以伦敦之「不见日光」衬济南之「响晴」，不直接写济南，而济南之可贵自在对照中凸显；「像我」的插入语亲切自然，如面谈絮语。【情感与主旨】字里行间洋溢着作者对济南的喜爱与赞美——这座在北中国的冬天里能有这样温晴天气的城市，在作者笔下成了理想的宜居之地，也寄寓了作者寓居济南时安详闲适的心境。【名句点睛】「济南的冬天是没有风声的」「济南的冬天是响晴的」两句复沓出现，一锤定音，把济南冬天的两大特点钉在读者心中。

Background

Lao She (1899–1966), originally named Shu Qingchun and styled Sheyu, was a Manchu writer born in Beijing and honored as the 'People's Artist.' Raised in Beijing's poor quarters and famous for Beijing-set works like Rickshaw Boy and Four Generations Under One Roof, he taught at Cheeloo University and Shandong University in Jinan from 1930 to 1937, and it was during those seven years that he wrote 'Winter in Jinan' (published in the Cheeloo Monthly in spring 1931), along with 'Autumn in Jinan' and other essays on the city. Jinan, ringed by mountains on three sides south of the Yellow River and north of Mount Tai, enjoys dry, bright, windless winters utterly unlike Beiping's gales or London's fogs. Newly arrived, Lao She was captivated by this 'warm and sunny' city and wrote its winter's special charm with Beiping and London as his foils — so the essay is not generic scenery writing but a northerner's delighted discovery of an adopted home.

老舍（1899—1966），原名舒庆春，字舍予，满族，北京人，现代著名作家，被誉为「人民艺术家」。他自幼在北京贫民窟长大，熟悉底层生活，作品多以北京为背景（《骆驼祥子》《四世同堂》等），语言京味醇厚、幽默亲切。1930年至1937年，老舍应齐鲁大学之邀到济南任教，先后执教于齐鲁大学和山东大学，在济南度过七年时光。正是在这期间，他写下了《济南的冬天》（1931年春发表于《齐大月刊》）以及《济南的秋天》《一些印象》等一组描写济南的散文。济南地处泰山之北、黄河之南，三面环山，北有卧牛山等山峦屏障，形成独特的「暖冬」气候：冬季干燥晴朗，少风多日，与北平的朔风、伦敦的阴雾迥异。老舍初到济南，便被这座「温晴」的城市打动，遂以北平、伦敦为参照，写出济南冬天的独特可爱。了解这一背景，便知本文不是泛泛写景，而是一个北方人对异乡气候的惊奇发现，字里行间带着初见的欣喜与安适。

Art

This opening passage of a modern landscape essay rests its structure on contrast and delivers it in confidential, conversational tones. First, contrastive setting-off: rather than describing Jinan directly, the author erects two reference points — one accustomed to Beiping's winds, one newly returned from London's fogs — for whom 'no wind' would be a miracle and 'visible sunshine' a marvel; the two assertions 'Jinan's winter has no sound of wind' and 'Jinan's winter is radiantly clear' then place the city within that double frame, so its windless radiance needs no further praise. Second, refrain for emphasis: the two concluding sentences share one syntactic mold, hammering Jinan's traits home in a progression from the negative blessing 'no wind' to the positive one 'radiantly clear,' with the sense of warmth rising step by step. Third, the intimacy of tone: the twice-inserted 'like me' speaks like a friend across the table, while the colloquial 'miracle' and 'marvel' carry an exaggerated, delighted surprise. With contrast for bones, refrain for cadence, and chat for feeling, a few sentences carry Jinan's winter 'warmth and clarity' to its extreme — a model of Lao She's ability to hide depth in plain speech.

从文体看，本文是现代散文（写景散文）的开篇段落，以「对照」立骨，以「絮语」出之，亲切而别致。其艺术手法可括为三点。其一，对比衬托：作者不直接描绘济南，而先设两个参照——「在北平住惯的人」惧风，「刚由伦敦回来的人」惧雾，前者「要是不刮风，便觉得是奇迹」，后者「要能看得见日光，便觉得是怪事」，继以「济南的冬天是没有风声的」「济南的冬天是响晴的」两句断言，把济南置于两大参照的映衬之下，其「无风而响晴」的特点不描自明。其二，复沓强化：「济南的冬天是没有风声的」「济南的冬天是响晴的」两句句式相同、位置对称，一锤一锤把济南的特点钉实，回环中有递进——先否定（没有风声），后肯定（响晴），由消极的「没有」到积极的「有」，温度感层层上升。其三，语气的亲切：「像我」两次插入，如当面絮语，拉近读者距离；「奇迹」「怪事」以口语出之，带着夸张的惊喜，使散文洋溢着家常的温情。全段以对比立骨、以复沓定调、以絮语传情，寥寥数语已把济南冬天的「温晴」写到极致，正是老舍散文「深入浅出、亲切有味」的典范。

Allusions

Though the passage uses no overt allusions, its comparative method and its sense of place are deeply rooted in the Chinese essay tradition and in the context of modern East-West contact. First, the technique of setting one scene off against another continues the contrastive habit of landscape writing since the Six Dynasties — just as Liu Zongyuan's record of Little Rock Pool sets off the pool's seclusion with 'bamboo and trees ringing it on all sides,' Lao She sets off Jinan's sunshine against Beiping's wind and London's fog, the method old but the material new. Second, the pairing of Beiping and London carries modern Chinese imaginings of the Western metropolis: London famed for fog (as in Dickens) and Beiping notorious for dust, neither truly livable, so that Jinan's windless radiance shines out between tradition and modernity, East and West, embodying a longing for an ideal dwelling place. Third, the everyday exclamations 'miracle' and 'marvel' continue, in colloquial form, the ancient tradition of wonder at strange things found as early as the Liezi. Fourth, the geographic image of Jinan 'ringed by hills on three sides,' unfolded later in the essay ('the little hills encircle Jinan in a ring'), is prepared here by the climatic contrasts, showing the author's deliberate architecture in planting the theme of 'warmth and clarity' from the very first lines.

本段虽无显性用典，其「对照写景法」与「地域气候」的文化内涵却深植于中国散文传统与近代中西文化接触的背景。其一，「以他人之境衬我之境」的写法，承六朝以来山水文的对比传统——柳宗元《小石潭记》以「四面竹树环合」衬潭之清幽，老舍则以北平之风、伦敦之雾衬济南之晴，方法同而内容新。其二，北平（北京）与伦敦的对照，暗含近代以来中国人对「西方都市」的想象——伦敦以雾都闻名（狄更斯笔下雾中伦敦），北平以风沙著称，二者皆非宜居，而济南「没有风声」「响晴」，恰在传统与现代、东方与西方的夹缝中显出难得的温和，寄托了作者对理想居所的向往。其三，「奇迹」「怪事」二词取日常惊叹语，其文化内涵可上溯《列子》「天下之奇物」的惊奇传统，而以口语出之，更见现代散文的平实。其四，济南「三面环山」的地理意象在后文（「小山整把济南围了个圈儿」）展开，本段则以气候对照先行铺垫，为全篇「温晴」主题立下基调，可见作者经营章法的匠心。

Commentary

This opening of 'Winter in Jinan' is a classic of modern prose for portraying a city's climate through contrast, and its influence has never faded. In literary history, Lao She's use of Beiping and London as foils transformed climatic difference into aesthetic discovery, opening a new paradigm for the modern 'city impression' essay; the two sentences 'Jinan's winter has no sound of wind' and 'Jinan's winter is radiantly clear' have become the city's literary calling card, endlessly quoted and even borrowed for tourist promotion. As prose art, the passage shows Lao She's style of deep meaning in plain speech: without ornate diction or classical allusion, household words like 'miracle,' 'marvel,' and 'like me' convey the freshest feeling, a model of finding wonder in the ordinary. Culturally, the essay fixed Jinan's 'warm and sunny' image in the popular mind and, together with his other Jinan essays, shaped the city's warm literary face; the three-way comparison of Beiping, London, and Jinan also reflects the 1930s Chinese intellectual's understanding of Chinese and Western urban life and their imagining of an ideal abode, a cultural value beyond mere scenery.

本段是《济南的冬天》的开篇，也是现代散文中「以对照写城市气候」的经典笔法，其影响经久不衰。从文学史看，老舍以北平、伦敦两大城市为参照写济南，把地域气候的差异转化为审美发现，开创了现代散文「城市印象」写作的新范式；「济南的冬天是没有风声的」「济南的冬天是响晴的」两句，已成为济南这座城市的文学名片，被无数人征引，甚至成为济南旅游文化的宣传语。从散文艺术看，本段体现了老舍「大白话里有深意」的语言风格：不用华丽辞藻，不引经据典，仅以「奇迹」「怪事」「像我」等家常语，便把最真切的新鲜感传达给读者，是「平淡之中见奇趣」的典范。从文化传播看，本文让济南的「温晴」形象深入人心，与老舍其他济南散文一起，塑造了这座城市在文学中的温暖面貌；同时，北平—伦敦—济南的三城对照，也折射出二十世纪三十年代中国知识分子对中西都市生活的体认与对理想栖居的想象，具有超越写景的文化价值。

Prosody

Form Modern prose (the opening paragraph of a lyrical landscape essay, in colloquial free sentences)现代散文（写景抒情散文的开篇段，口语化散句）

Rhyme The passage does not rhyme; its rhythm is built on refrain and parallelism: the two long sentences are perfectly parallel in structure ('For a person who... like me, if the winter..., it would seem...; Jinan's winter is...'), matching clause for clause like a duet, while the falling tones of 'miracle' and 'marvel' against the level tones of 'wind-sound' and 'clear' give the line-ends an alternating cadence.本段不押韵，而以「复沓」与「对仗」构筑节奏：两个长句结构完全平行（「对于一个……的人，像我，冬天要……，便觉得是……；济南的冬天是……的」），句读相同、节拍相应，如双声对唱；「奇迹」「怪事」收于仄声，「风声」「响晴」一平一仄，句尾声调错落，读来抑扬有致。

Tone pattern The sentences are long and conversational, punctuated by short declaratives: 'For a person used to living in Beiping, like me' opens unhurriedly like family talk, 'it would seem a miracle' pauses, and 'Jinan's winter has no sound of wind' closes with the settling finality of the particle 'de' — long sentences spread out, short sentences pronounce judgment, the density shifting like conversation that rambles and then strikes home.句式以口语化长句为主，间以短句断语：「对于一个在北平住惯的人，像我」缓起如叙家常，「便觉得是奇迹」一顿，「济南的冬天是没有风声的」以「的」字收束定音；长句铺陈、短句断言，疏密相间，如谈话时先絮絮道来、再一语破的。

Reading note This passage is a model of the music of colloquial prose. Its beauty of rhythm comes first from parallel refrain: the two long sentences are completely symmetrical — 'For a person who..., like me, if the winter..., it would seem...; Jinan's winter is...' — each setting a condition in the first half and pronouncing judgment in the second, twin blossoms on one stem, so that reading them feels like call and response; within the refrain there is variation, the first sentence hailing the windlessness as 'miracle,' the second the sunshine as 'marvel,' alike yet not monotonous. Second is the arrangement of long and short: within each long sentence, 'For a person used to living in Beiping, like me' is the easy opening of a chat, 'if the winter brings no wind' the hypothetical pause, 'it would seem a miracle' the start of surprise, and 'Jinan's winter has no sound of wind' the final assertion — from slow to quick, from narration to verdict, in clearly layered tempo. Third is the tuning of line-end tones: 'miracle' and 'marvel' end on short, emphatic falling tones; 'wind-sound' and 'clear' trail off on level tones or the drawn-out 'de,' leaving a lingering resonance. The whole passage reads like an old friend's confidential talk, natural yet inwardly rhythmic, embodying the modern essay's aesthetic of letting spoken cadence take the place of rhyme; when reading it aloud one should go at an easy, unhurried pace, as if conversing with the author.本段是口语化散文的声韵典范。其节奏之美首先来自「句式的平行复沓」：两个长句结构完全对称——「对于一个……的人，像我，冬天要……，便觉得是……；济南的冬天是……的」，前半设条件、后半下断语，两句如并蒂双生，读来节拍整齐、回环往复，造成「一唱一和」的音乐效果；复沓之中又有变化：前句以「奇迹」赞「无风」，后句以「怪事」叹「响晴」，同中有异，避免板滞。其次是「长句—短句」的节奏安排：每一长句内部，「对于一个在北平住惯的人，像我」是舒缓的起势，如谈话的开场白；「冬天要是不刮风」是假设的顿挫；「便觉得是奇迹」是惊奇的收束；「济南的冬天是没有风声的」是最后的断言，由缓入急、由叙入断，节奏层次分明。其三是句尾声调的调配：「奇迹」「怪事」仄声收束，短促有力；「风声」「响晴」以平声或「的」字拖音收尾，余韵舒展。全段读来如老友絮语，亲切自然而有内在的节律，体现了现代散文「以口语节奏代韵律」的审美追求，诵读时宜从容舒缓，仿若与作者对谈。

Line by line

对于一个在北平住惯的人，像我，冬天要是不刮风，便觉得是奇迹；济南的冬天是没有风声的。

For a person used to living in Beiping, like me, a winter without wind would seem a miracle — and Jinan's winter has no sound of wind.

对于一个在北平住惯了的人，比如像我，冬天要是不刮风，便会觉得是奇迹——而济南的冬天是没有风声的。

For someone used to Beiping winters, like me, a windless winter day is a miracle; and Jinan's winter has no wind at all.

此句以「北平人」的视角起笔，用对照法凸出济南冬天的第一个特点——无风。北平（北京）冬天朔风凛冽，刮风是常态，不刮风反而成了「奇迹」；而济南的冬天「没有风声」，对北平人而言无异于天大的幸运。「像我」三字插入，把作者自己摆进「北平住惯的人」之列，亲切如当面絮语，同时暗示作者正是带着北方的经验来感受济南的。「奇迹」一词以口语出之，夸张而真挚，把「无风」这一平淡的气候现象写得新奇可喜。句子的节奏是「设条件—下结论」：先假设（要是不刮风），再判断（便觉得是奇迹），最后断语（济南的冬天是没有风声的），层层推进，一锤定音。

The miracle. For someone used to Beiping winters, like me, a windless winter day is a miracle; and Jinan's winter has no wind at all. The Beiping contrast and the windless Jinan are the opening. To have found windlessness a miracle would be a comparison; the for-someone-used-to-beiping-winters-like-me-a-windless-winter-day-is-a-miracle-and-jinan's-winter-has-no-wind-at-all is the comparison.

对于一个刚由伦敦回来的人，像我，冬天要能看得见日光，便觉得是怪事；济南的冬天是响晴的。

For a person just back from London, like me, a winter in which one could see sunlight would seem a marvel — and Jinan's winter is radiantly clear.

对于一个刚从伦敦回来的人，比如像我，冬天要是能看见太阳，便会觉得是怪事——而济南的冬天是响晴的。

For someone just back from London, like me, to see sunlight in winter is an oddity; and Jinan's winter is loudly clear.

此句换一个参照——伦敦，凸出济南冬天的第二个特点——响晴。伦敦以多雾阴雨著称，冬日难得见日，见到日光反而是「怪事」；而济南的冬天「响晴」，阳光朗照，对伦敦归客而言简直是奇迹。「响晴」二字是全句的诗眼：「晴」本已是晴天，「响」字更以听觉写视觉——仿佛晴空朗照有声，把「晴」写得明亮、饱满、有力度，是老舍炼字的绝活。句式与上句完全平行（「对于一个……的人，像我，冬天要……，便觉得是……；济南的冬天是……」），复沓回环而内容递进：由「没有风声」（消极的安宁）到「响晴」（积极的明朗），济南冬天的温晴形象层层丰满，作者的欣喜也层层加深。

The clear. For someone just back from London, like me, to see sunlight in winter is an oddity; and Jinan's winter is loudly clear. The London contrast and the loudly-clear Jinan are the second point. To have found sunlight an oddity would be a comparison; the for-someone-just-back-from-london-like-me-to-see-sunlight-in-winter-is-an-oddity-and-jinan's-winter-is-loudly-clear is the comparison.

Study

Word focus

响晴 'Xiangqing' (radiantly clear) is Lao She's coined masterpiece, joining a word of hearing ('ringing') to a word of sight ('clear') in synesthesia, so that the sunshine seems almost to resound with brightness — clear to the utmost, clear with a ring. 「济南的冬天是响晴的」中的「响晴」二字，是老舍独创的妙词，也是全段的诗眼。「晴」指天气晴朗，本是视觉之词；「响」指声音响亮，本是听觉之词，二字组合，以听觉写视觉，打通感官——仿佛晴空不是「看」见的，而是「响」着的，阳光朗照的晴空带着饱满的力度与亮度，如铜钟之声充盈天地。「响」字还暗含「彻底、极致」的口语意味（如「响当当」），写晴得不能再晴、晴得痛快淋漓。这一通感修辞使抽象的「晴」化为可感的声音意象，让济南冬天的阳光仿佛有了质地与音量，是汉语文学中罕见的炼字妙笔，也是老舍「从口语中炼出诗意」的证明。

奇迹 / 怪事 'Miracle' and 'marvel' are everyday exclamations of astonishment whose deliberate exaggeration, measured against the harshness of Beiping and London, pushes the author's delighted surprise to its height and makes the two closing assertions ring with praise. 「便觉得是奇迹」「便觉得是怪事」中的「奇迹」「怪事」两个口语词，是作者表情达意的情感词，也是全段对照法的支点。「奇迹」是日常语言中常用的惊叹词，指超乎常理、不可思议之事；「怪事」则以俚俗口吻表惊讶。北平人不遇风、伦敦人得见日，本是平常气候现象，作者偏以「奇迹」「怪事」名之，故意夸大其词——夸大的背后是真实的心理：以北平、伦敦的严酷为参照，济南的温晴确实近乎不可思议。两个词的夸张语气，把作者的惊喜之情推到顶点，也使后文的断语（「没有风声」「响晴」）带上赞叹的意味。口语入文而神情毕现，正是老舍语言的看家本领。

没有风声 'No sound of wind' turns the meteorological fact of windlessness into an auditory experience — a stillness so deep that not even the wind's whistle is heard — while its whispered echo of 'no rumors stirring' quietly suggests the calm serenity of Jinan's winter. 「济南的冬天是没有风声的」中的「没有风声」四字，是全段第一句断语，看似平淡，实有深意。作者不写「没有风」，而写「没有风声」——「风声」是听觉得来的感受，写「没有风声」，意味着济南的冬天静得听不见风的呼啸，把「无风」从气象事实升华为听觉体验；同时，「风声」在汉语中还暗含「消息、传闻」之义（「走漏风声」），「没有风声」或可读作「没有扰攘的消息」，暗写济南冬天的安详静谧，与后文「慈善的冬天」的拟人化书写一脉相承。四个字以「的」字收束，语气笃定，如盖章落印，把济南冬天的第一印象深深钉在读者心里。