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宋 Song · 诗 Poem

十一月四日风雨大作·其一

November 4th: A Great Storm (No. 1)

陆游

Lu You

冬日A Winter Day 闲适Quiet Ease

风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻。
溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门。

Wind rolls up rivers and lakes, rain darkens the village;
all four mountains thunder like the ocean waves.
Stream-gathered firewood burns with a soft flame, the southern felt rug is warm;
my cat and I will not step out the door.

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Meaning

On a night of violent storm — wind rolling up rivers and lakes, mountains roaring like ocean waves — the poet sits warmly indoors by a fire of stream wood and a thick felt rug. With his cat for company, he is content not to step outside. The poem finds perfection in a winter evening of complete, humorous ease.

风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻。溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] Wind rolls up rivers and lakes; rain darkens the village; the four mountains roar like ocean waves. Inside, stream-gathered firewood burns with a soft flame and a southern felt rug is warm — so the poet and his cat will not step out the door. [Structure] A four-line quatrain built on one swing: the first two lines give the storm cosmic violence, the last two withdraw into a warm room. The word 'door' is the hinge on which the whole poem turns. [Imagery] 'Wind rolls up rivers and lakes' is bold hyperbole; 'soft flame' and 'warm rug' are tender domestic detail. The cat — 'my cat and I' — gives the poem its humor and its air of perfect contentment, a small masterpiece of everyday ease.

【白话串讲】陆游写《十一月四日风雨大作·其一》：“风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻”——“溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门”——风雨大作，他却和猫窝在家里——他写冬日闲居。【意象与手法】此诗写冬日，以闲适写冬日，是陆游的名篇。前二句写风雨：「风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻」写风卷江湖雨暗村、四山声作海涛翻——写尽风雨的猛烈；后二句写安居：「溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门」写溪柴火软蛮毡暖、我与狸奴不出门——写尽安居的闲适。全诗以闲适写冬日，写尽风雨的猛烈与安居的闲适，是陆游的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写冬日，以闲适写冬日，是陆游的名篇。此诗为《十一月四日风雨大作》二首之一，写风雨大作之夜。绍熙三年（1192），陆游闲居山阴（今浙江绍兴），十一月四日夜风雨大作，陆游作此诗写风雨之景与围炉之乐。前二句写风卷江湖、雨暗山村，四山风雨之声如海涛翻涌；后二句写溪柴（山溪边砍的柴）烧火软暖、蛮毡（西南蛮地产的毡毯）温暖，我与狸奴（猫）不出门。此诗写风雨：「风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻」写风卷江湖雨暗村、四山声作海涛翻——写尽风雨的猛烈（风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻）；「溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门」写溪柴火软蛮毡暖、我与狸奴不出门——写尽安居的闲适（溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门）。全诗以闲适写冬日，写尽风雨的猛烈与安居的闲适，是理解陆游冬日诗的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻」写风雨的猛烈；「溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门」写安居的闲适；以及全诗以闲适写冬日、以对举写风雨的手法。

Background

Lu You (1125–1210), courtesy name Wuguan, sobriquet Fangweng, of Shanyin (modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang), is the great patriotic poet of the Southern Song, with over nine thousand surviving poems. On the night of the fourth day of the eleventh month in 1192, retired at Shanyin, a great storm arose, and he wrote two poems. The second, dreaming of armored horses on frozen rivers, is famous for its patriotism; the first keeps the storm at the door and enjoys the fire, the felt, and the cat.

此诗写冬日，以闲适写冬日，是陆游的名篇。陆游（1125—1210），字务观，号放翁，越州山阴（今浙江绍兴）人，南宋爱国诗人，存诗九千余首，兼工词。此诗为《十一月四日风雨大作》二首之一，写风雨大作之夜。绍熙三年（1192），陆游闲居山阴（今浙江绍兴），十一月四日夜风雨大作，陆游作此诗写风雨之景与围炉之乐。前二句写风卷江湖、雨暗山村，四山风雨之声如海涛翻涌；后二句写溪柴（山溪边砍的柴）烧火软暖、蛮毡（西南蛮地产的毡毯）温暖，我与狸奴（猫）不出门。此诗写风雨：「风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻」写风卷江湖雨暗村、四山声作海涛翻——写尽风雨的猛烈（风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻）；「溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门」写溪柴火软蛮毡暖、我与狸奴不出门——写尽安居的闲适（溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门）。全诗以闲适写冬日，写尽风雨的猛烈与安居的闲适，是理解陆游冬日诗的重要篇章。

Art

Four moves give this quatrain its charm. Hyperbole opens it: 'wind rolls up rivers and lakes' and 'four mountains thunder like ocean waves' magnify the storm to cosmic scale. Contrast then frames the poem: violence outside, warmth inside. Detail does the cozy work: 'soft flame' and 'warm rug' — two homely words that make the room felt. And humor closes it: 'my cat and I will not step out the door' turns the poet into a contented host sharing his retreat with a cat, the colloquial lightness giving the whole poem its air of ease. First two lines bold, last two soft — the swing is the structure.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以夸张写风雨。「四山声作海涛翻」以夸张写风雨——那「海涛翻」写尽风雨之声，以夸张写尽风雨的猛烈。其二，以对照写内外。「风卷江湖雨暗村」以对照写内外——那「风卷」「雨暗」写尽屋外的猛烈，以对照写尽风雨的猛烈。其三，以细节写安居。「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」以细节写安居——那「火软」「毡暖」写尽炉火的温暖，以细节写尽安居的闲适。其四，以情趣写闲适。「我与狸奴不出门」以情趣写闲适——那「狸奴」写尽与猫同守的情趣，以情趣写尽安居的闲适。此外，此诗前二句写风雨的猛烈，后二句写安居的闲适，由外及内，正是冬日诗「以景衬闲」的写法。四重手法，使此诗以闲适写冬日，写尽风雨的猛烈与安居的闲适，是陆游的代表作。此诗还善于以「风卷江湖雨暗村」的起句写风雨之势的铺天盖地——那「风卷江湖」写尽风势之狂，正是先声夺人的起笔，以铺陈写尽风雨的猛烈。又善以「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」的「软」「暖」二字写炉火的温柔——火软毡暖，正是冬日围炉的温存，以二字写尽安居的闲适。

Allusions

Two domestic terms matter. 'Stream firewood' is wood gathered from mountain streams, the everyday fuel of a retired country household. 'Southern felt' is rug-felt from the southern regions, thick and warm — Lu You writes from memory of a life that took him as far as Sichuan and Shaanxi. 'Li nu' is the affectionate classical name for a cat; Lu You wrote several poems about cats ('Salt-wrapped I wed my little cat...'), so the animal in the poem is a known member of the household, not a stray.

此诗的用语深植于冬日与闲适传统。「风卷江湖」令人想到「风卷江湖」写风势的意象——也令人想到「风卷残云」的意象；「雨暗村」令人想到「雨暗村」写雨昏的意象——也令人想到「山雨欲来风满楼」（许浑）的意象；「海涛翻」令人想到「海涛翻」写涛翻的意象——也令人想到「惊涛拍岸」（苏轼）的意象；「溪柴」令人想到「溪柴」写溪柴的意象——山溪所拾之柴，也令人想到「樵苏」的意象；「蛮毡」令人想到「蛮毡」写毡毯的意象——也令人想到「毡帐」的意象；「狸奴」令人想到「狸奴」写猫的意象——也令人想到「裹盐迎得小狸奴」（陆游）的意象。全诗化用风卷江湖、雨暗村、海涛翻、溪柴、蛮毡、狸奴的意象，以闲适写冬日，正是陆游「清婉」而善写趣、承冬日传统写闲适之本领。「江湖」令人想到「江湖」写江河湖海的意象——也令人想到「江湖夜雨十年灯」（黄庭坚）的意象；「狸奴」令人想到陆游《赠猫》「盐裹聘狸奴，常看戏座隅」的意象——也令人想到「猫奴」的意象，以狸奴写冬日与猫为伴的闲适。

Commentary

Qing critics praised the poem as 'writing a winter day in ease, true and natural', and 'my cat and I will not step out the door' is its best-loved line. Written the same night as the second November 4th storm poem — 'armored horses on frozen rivers enter my dreams' — the two poems show the two halves of Lu You: the patriot who dreams of campaigns and the old man who keeps a cat by the fire. With Bai Juyi's 'To Liu Shijiu' it belongs to the tradition of Chinese poetry of winter warmth.

此诗历来被推为陆游冬日诗的名篇，也是宋诗写围炉安居的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以闲适写冬日，真切自然」；近人更指出「我与狸奴不出门」写安居的闲适，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以四句的绝句写尽风雨的猛烈与安居的闲适——那风卷，那江湖，那雨暗村，那四山，那声作海涛翻，那溪柴，那火软，那蛮毡，那暖，那我与，那狸奴，那不出门，都写尽了陆游笔下的十一月四日；那「我与狸奴不出门」更以情趣写尽安居的闲适。此诗与陆游《十一月四日风雨大作·其二》（「僵卧孤村不自哀」）同题相联，一写「铁马冰河入梦来」的壮怀（其二），一写「我与狸奴不出门」的闲适（其一）；又与白居易《问刘十九》「红泥小火炉」的冬日闲适传统一脉相承，可见中国诗写冬日的传统。对于今日读者，此诗是理解陆游冬日诗的窗口，也是宋诗写围炉的经典——那炉火前的狸奴，穿越千年，仍在诉说着安居的闲适。

Prosody

Form Seven-character quatrain (qijue)诗·七言绝句

Rhyme Rhymes on cun, fan, and men — level-tone rhymes of the 'yuan' rhyme group — one rhyme throughout.七绝，押「村」「翻」「门」韵（上平十三元），一韵到底，音节自然

Tone pattern A four-line quatrain rhyming on level tones, one rhyme throughout, its natural, easy cadence matching the poem's relaxed ease.此诗为七言绝句，押平声韵，一韵到底，音节自然，正合闲适的自然。

Reading note Four lines only: two on the storm's violence, two on the warmth indoors. The abrupt swing from 'ocean waves' to 'my cat and I' is the poem's charm. Read the first two lines with force and sweep, the last two with soft, humorous ease, letting the final 'door' close the poem like a door closing on the storm.此诗为七言绝句，四句——「风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻。溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门」，押「元」韵（村、翻、门），一韵到底，音节自然。全诗以闲适写冬日：前二句写风雨的猛烈（风卷江湖雨暗村、四山声作海涛翻），后二句写安居的闲适（溪柴火软蛮毡暖、我与狸奴不出门）。四句短章，前写风雨，后写安居，以「我与狸奴不出门」写尽安居的闲适，正见陆游「清婉」的本色。诵读此诗，宜以奔放的语调读「四山声作海涛翻」的风雨，以温婉的语调读「我与狸奴不出门」的安居，结句要读得自然而有余韵，方能传达出陆游的真切自然。陆游绝句以「清婉」著称，此诗正是其冬日诗的典范。

Line by line

溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门

Stream-gathered firewood burns with a soft flame, the southern felt rug is warm; my cat and I will not step out the door.

溪柴火软蛮毡暖，我与狸奴不出门。

The creek fire's soft warmth, the felt rug's comfort; my cat and I do not leave the door.

此二句是全诗写安居的核心，以溪柴火软蛮毡暖写火软毡暖，以我与狸奴不出门写不出门，写尽安居的闲适，是千古名句。「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」写溪柴火软蛮毡暖——那「溪柴火软」写溪柴火软，「蛮毡暖」写蛮毡暖，写尽炉火的温暖；「我与狸奴不出门」写我与狸奴不出门——那「我与狸奴」写我与狸奴，「不出门」写不出门，写尽与猫的同守。这句的深意在于：它以「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」的暖与「我与狸奴不出门」的不出门，写尽安居的闲适——溪柴火软蛮毡暖，那「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」写尽炉火的温暖——溪柴火软，正是炉火温柔的写照，那「蛮毡暖」写尽安居的闲适；我与狸奴不出门，那「我与狸奴不出门」写尽与猫的同守——我与狸奴，正是与猫相伴的写照，那「不出门」写尽安居的闲适；那「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」写尽炉火的温暖，那「我与狸奴不出门」写尽与猫的同守，一写炉火，一写狸奴，写尽安居的闲适——炉火温暖而与猫同守，正是风雨之夜的自得；此二句以炉火、狸奴写尽安居的闲适，也让此二句成为全诗写安居的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「外面刮风下雨，我在家烤火撸猫」，则失其雅趣；唯以「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」写火软毡暖、「我与狸奴不出门」写不出门，写尽安居的闲适，也让此二句成为全诗写安居的核心。

The two lines are the core of the poem's ease at home, writing the soft fire and warm rug through the creek fire's soft warmth, the felt rug's comfort and the not-leaving through my cat and I do not leave the door, exhausting the ease of the sheltered night, an immortal line. The creek fire's soft warmth, the felt rug's comfort is precisely the picture of the gentle hearth; my cat and I do not leave the door precisely the picture of the cat's company. One writes the fire, one the cat, exhausting the self-content of the stormy night. Were it said plainly it is windy and rainy outside, I am at home by the fire with my cat, the elegance would be lost; only through the soft fire and the cat at home is the ease exhausted, making the lines the core of the poem.

风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻

Wind rolls up rivers and lakes, rain darkens the village; all four mountains thunder like the ocean waves.

风卷江湖雨暗村，四山声作海涛翻。

Wind sweeps the lakes and rivers, rain darkens the village; the voices of the four mountains rise like a turning sea.

此二句是全诗写风雨的核心，以风卷江湖雨暗村写雨暗村，以四山声作海涛翻写海涛翻，写尽风雨的猛烈，是千古名句。「风卷江湖雨暗村」写风卷江湖雨暗村——那「风卷江湖」写风卷江湖，「雨暗村」写雨暗村，写尽风雨的昏暗；「四山声作海涛翻」写四山声作海涛翻——那「四山声作」写四山声作，「海涛翻」写海涛翻，写尽四山的涛声。这句的深意在于：它以「风卷江湖雨暗村」的雨暗与「四山声作海涛翻」的海涛，写尽风雨的猛烈——风卷江湖雨暗村，那「风卷江湖雨暗村」写尽风雨的昏暗——风卷江湖，正是风势狂卷的写照，那「雨暗村」写尽风雨的猛烈；四山声作海涛翻，那「四山声作海涛翻」写尽四山的涛声——四山声作，正是四山风雨的写照，那「海涛翻」写尽风雨的猛烈；那「风卷江湖雨暗村」写尽风雨的昏暗，那「四山声作海涛翻」写尽四山的涛声，一写风，一写声，写尽风雨的猛烈——风卷雨暗而四山涛翻，正是风雨大作的写照；此二句以风雨、涛声写尽风雨的猛烈，也为下文的安居作铺垫，也让此二句成为全诗写风雨的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「外面风大雨大」，则失其气势；唯以「风卷江湖雨暗村」写雨暗村、「四山声作海涛翻」写海涛翻，写尽风雨的猛烈，也让此二句成为全诗写风雨的核心。

The two lines are the core of the poem's storm, writing the rain-dark village through wind sweeps the lakes and rivers, rain darkens the village and the turning sea through the voices of the four mountains rise like a turning sea, exhausting the storm's fury, an immortal line. Wind sweeps the lakes and rivers, rain darkens the village is precisely the picture of the wild wind; the voices of the four mountains rise like a turning sea precisely the picture of the four mountains' storm. One writes the wind, one the sound, exhausting the fury. Were it said plainly the wind is high and the rain heavy outside, the momentum would be lost; only through the sweeping wind and the turning sea is the storm exhausted, preparing the ease at home below and making the lines the core of the poem.

Study

Word focus

翻 'To churn, to overturn': the storm's sound is no mere noise but ocean waves breaking, the verb giving the four mountains a violent, heaving motion and magnifying the storm to vast scale. 「四山声作海涛翻」之「翻」字是写风雨的关键词，一个「翻」字写尽涛翻的猛烈。翻者，翻腾、翻涌也。陆游以「四山声作海涛翻」写风雨，这个「翻」字至少有双重意味：其一，写声之翻——那「四山声作海涛翻」写四山声作海涛翻，那「翻」字写尽涛翻的猛烈——海涛翻，正是涛声翻涌的写照，那「翻」字写尽风雨的猛烈；其二，写势之雄——那「翻」字更是写雄——翻，正见风雨之势的雄浑，那「翻」字写尽冬日风雨的壮阔。以「翻」字写风雨，正是陆游写冬日的枢纽——若换作「涌」「腾」等字，则或失其与「四山声作」「海涛」的配合，或失其写翻的意味；唯「翻」字，以四山声作海涛翻写尽涛声之翻涌与风雨之势之雄浑，与「风卷江湖雨暗村」的雨暗相合，写尽风雨的猛烈，也让「四山声作海涛翻」成为全诗写风雨的名句。

暖 'Warm': the felt rug's warmth against the cold storm is the hinge of the whole poem — one word turns the wild night into a cozy room, and reveals the poet's contentment. 「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」之「暖」字是写安居的关键词，一个「暖」字写尽毡暖的闲适。暖者，温暖、和暖也。陆游以「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」写安居，这个「暖」字至少有双重意味：其一，写毡之暖——那「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」写溪柴火软蛮毡暖，那「暖」字写尽毡毯的温暖——蛮毡暖，正是毡毯温暖的写照，那「暖」字写尽安居的闲适；其二，写心之安——那「暖」字更是写安——暖，正见炉火的心安，那「暖」字写尽冬日围炉的自得。以「暖」字写安居，正是陆游写冬日的枢纽——若换作「温」「和」等字，则或失其与「溪柴火软」「蛮毡」的配合，或失其写暖的意味；唯「暖」字，以溪柴火软蛮毡暖写尽毡毯之温暖与炉火之心安，与「我与狸奴不出门」的不出门相合，写尽安居的闲适，也让「溪柴火软蛮毡暖」成为全诗写安居的名句。