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宋 Song · 诗 Poem

夜泊水村

Mooring at the Water Village at Night

陆游

Lu You

爱国Patriotism 壮志Theme

腰间羽箭久凋零，太息燕然未勒铭。
老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭。
一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青。
记取江湖泊船处，卧闻新雁落寒汀。

The feathered arrows at the waist, long, withered and fallen,
Sighing, the Yannran, not yet, inscribed the record.
The old self, still able, crossing the great desert,
You gentlemen, why, weeping at the New Pavilion.
One body, serving the country, with ten thousand deaths,
The two sideburns, toward the men, no more the green.
Remembering the mooring place of the river and the lake,
Lying, hearing the new geese, falling, the cold sandbank.

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Meaning

A poem of the service of the country and the sorrow, written by Lu You. The feathered arrows at the waist with the sighing of the Yannran not yet inscribed, and the old self still able crossing the great desert with the weeping of the New Pavilion — the arrows withered and the old self able. One body, serving the country, with ten thousand deaths — the two sideburns, toward the men, no more the green — the service of the country and the sideburns no more green. Remembering the mooring place of the river and the lake — lying, hearing the new geese, falling, the cold sandbank — the close's mooring and the new geese. The poem is the service and the sorrow: the withered arrows, the service of the country, and the close's new geese on the cold sandbank.

腰间羽箭久凋零，太息燕然未勒铭。老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭。一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青。记取江湖泊船处，卧闻新雁落寒汀。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] The feathered arrows at the waist, long, withered and fallen, sighing, the Yannran, not yet, inscribed the record. The old self, still able, crossing the great desert, you gentlemen, why, weeping at the New Pavilion. One body, serving the country, with ten thousand deaths, the two sideburns, toward the men, no more the green. Remembering the mooring place of the river and the lake, lying, hearing the new geese, falling, the cold sandbank. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the withered arrows and the sighing of the Yannran, through the old self able and the service of the country, to the close's mooring and the new geese of the cold sandbank. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the contrast of the will and the age: the old self still able crossing the great desert against the sideburns no more green, and the close's new geese of the cold sandbank — the sorrow of the service gathered in the contrast and the close. [Emotional Tone] Indignant, sorrowful, and patriotic: the poem is the service of the country, the withered arrows and the close's cold sandbank.

【白话串讲】陆游写《夜泊水村》：“腰间羽箭久凋零，太息燕然未勒铭”——“老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭”——“一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青”——“记取江湖泊船处，卧闻新雁落寒汀”——他夜泊水村，写报国无门的悲凉。【意象与手法】此诗是陆游写夜泊水村感慨的名篇，写夜泊水村的壮怀与感慨，是陆游诗中「以泊写壮」的名篇。前两联写壮怀：「腰间羽箭久凋零，太息燕然未勒铭」写羽箭凋零、燕然未勒；「老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭」写犹堪绝漠、何至泣亭，是千古名句。后两联写感慨：「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」写报国万死、双鬓无再青；「记取江湖泊船处，卧闻新雁落寒汀」写泊船水村、卧闻新雁，是千古名句。全诗以夜泊水村的壮怀写报国的深情，那「一身报国有万死」「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写尽陆游至死不渝的爱国之情，是陆游「以泊写壮」的名篇。【情感与主旨】此诗约作于宋孝宗淳熙九年（1182）秋，时陆游五十八岁，家居山阴（或客居）。陆游一生力主抗金、收复中原，却屡遭排挤（淳熙七年（1180）自江西抚州被罢官后，家居山阴）。此诗即写其夜泊水村（泊船于水边的村庄）的壮怀与感慨。诗中「腰间羽箭久凋零，太息燕然未勒铭」写羽箭凋零、燕然未勒——腰间的羽箭久已凋零（久不用而锈损），太息燕然未勒铭（叹息燕然山尚未勒铭（用窦宪勒石燕然之典，写未能立功塞外）），那「羽箭久凋零」写尽武备的荒废（久不用兵）、「燕然未勒铭」写尽壮志未酬；「老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭」写犹堪绝漠、何至泣亭——老子（陆游自称）犹堪绝大漠（还能横绝大漠、征战塞外），诸君何至泣新亭（诸君何至于像新亭对泣那样（用新亭对泣之典，写苟安之士的悲泣）），那「老子犹堪绝大漠」写尽老而壮志（还能征战）、「诸君何至泣新亭」写尽对苟安者的不满；「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」写报国万死、双鬓无再青——一身报国有万死（一身报国，万死不辞），双鬓向人无再青（双鬓向人，不能再青（白了不能再黑）），那「一身报国有万死」写尽报国的决心、「双鬓向人无再青」写尽年老的无奈；「记取江湖泊船处，卧闻新雁落寒汀」写泊船水村、卧闻新雁——记取江湖泊船处（记住这江湖泊船之处），卧闻新雁落寒汀（卧听新雁落在寒冷的汀洲），那「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写尽秋夜的凄凉与壮志的感慨（新雁南飞，正是一年将尽的秋景）。全诗以夜泊水村的壮怀写报国的深情，那「一身报国有万死」「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写尽陆游至死不渝的爱国之情，是陆游「以泊写壮」的名篇。【名句点睛】常考“老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭”写犹堪绝漠的壮怀；“一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青”写报国无门的悲凉，是千古名句。

Background

Lu You (1125–1210), the patriotic poet of the Southern Song, wrote this 'Mooring at the Water Village at Night' of the service of the country — the sorrow of the unfulfilled. The feathered arrows withered with the Yannran not yet inscribed, the old self still able crossing the great desert with the weeping of the New Pavilion, the service of the country with ten thousand deaths, and the close's mooring with the new geese of the cold sandbank — the poem gathers the patriotism of the poet, the sorrow of the unfulfilled service. The poem is one of the famous patriotic works of the poet.

此诗约作于宋孝宗淳熙九年（1182）秋，是陆游写夜泊水村感慨的诗。陆游（1125-1210）字务观，号放翁，越州山阴人，是南宋爱国诗人。陆游一生力主抗金、收复中原，却屡遭排挤：淳熙七年（1180），陆游自江西抚州（提举江南西路常平茶盐公事）被罢官，此后家居山阴（今浙江绍兴）。淳熙九年秋，陆游泊船于水边的村庄，感而作此诗。诗中「腰间羽箭久凋零，太息燕然未勒铭」写羽箭凋零、燕然未勒——「腰间羽箭久凋零」写腰间的羽箭久已凋零（那羽箭久不用而凋零（锈损），「久凋零」写久已荒废），「太息燕然未勒铭」写太息燕然未勒铭（叹息燕然山尚未勒铭（用窦宪勒石燕然之典（东汉窦宪大破北匈奴，登燕然山勒石记功），写未能立功塞外）），那「羽箭久凋零」写尽武备的荒废、「燕然未勒铭」写尽壮志未酬；「老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭」写犹堪绝漠、何至泣亭——「老子犹堪绝大漠」写老子（陆游自称，令人想到「老子婆娑」的放达自称）犹堪绝大漠（还能横绝大漠、征战塞外（那「绝大漠」写横渡大漠，令人想到「卫青霍去病绝大漠」的征战）），「诸君何至泣新亭」写诸君何至泣新亭（诸君何至于像新亭对泣那样（用新亭对泣之典（《世说新语》载东晋士大夫于新亭对泣，王导言「当共戮力王室，克复神州」），写苟安之士的悲泣）），那「老子犹堪绝大漠」写尽老而壮志、「诸君何至泣新亭」写尽对苟安者的不满；「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」写报国万死、双鬓无再青——「一身报国有万死」写一身报国、万死不辞（那「万死」写万死不惜（报国虽万死而不辞）），「双鬓向人无再青」写双鬓向人、不能再青（那双鬓已白，不能再青（青写黑，白了不能黑）），那「一身报国有万死」写尽报国的决心、「双鬓向人无再青」写尽年老的无奈；「记取江湖泊船处，卧闻新雁落寒汀」写泊船水村、卧闻新雁——「记取江湖泊船处」写记住这江湖泊船之处（那「记取」写记住，「江湖泊船处」写江湖中泊船的地方（水村）），「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写卧听新雁落在寒冷的汀洲（那「卧闻」写卧着听，「新雁落寒汀」写新雁落在寒冷的汀洲（新雁南飞，正是秋景）），那「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写尽秋夜的凄凉与壮志的感慨。此诗是陆游「以泊写壮」的名篇，那「一身报国有万死」「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写尽至死不渝的爱国之情，是理解其爱国诗风的关键作品。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the service and the contrast. The arrows open: the feathered arrows at the waist, long, withered and fallen — the withered arrows; sighing, the Yannran, not yet, inscribed the record — the sighing of the Yannran. The will follows: the old self, still able, crossing the great desert — the old self able; you gentlemen, why, weeping at the New Pavilion — the weeping of the gentlemen; one body, serving the country, with ten thousand deaths — the service of the country; the two sideburns, toward the men, no more the green — the sideburns no more green. And the close gathers the sorrow: remembering the mooring place of the river and the lake — lying, hearing the new geese, falling, the cold sandbank — the new geese of the close — the withered arrows, the service of the country and the close's cold sandbank, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个层面解析。其一，以泊写壮的构思。全诗以夜泊水村的壮怀写报国的深情——那「腰间羽箭久凋零」「燕然未勒铭」的壮志未酬，那「一身报国有万死」的报国决心，那「卧闻新雁落寒汀」的秋夜感慨，都以夜泊为背景、以壮怀为核心，以泊写壮、情景交融。其二，以用典写壮怀。「太息燕然未勒铭」用窦宪勒石燕然之典写壮志未酬，「诸君何至泣新亭」用新亭对泣之典写对苟安者的不满，那「燕然未勒」「新亭对泣」的用典，写尽壮志未酬与对苟安者的批评。其三，以对照写老壮。「老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭」以「老子犹堪」与「诸君何至」对照，写老而壮志与苟安者的对比；「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」以「报国万死」与「双鬓无再青」对照，写报国的决心与年老的无奈，那「万死」与「无再青」的对照，写尽壮怀与无奈的矛盾。其四，以「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写收束。「记取江湖泊船处，卧闻新雁落寒汀」以「记取江湖泊船处」写泊船的处所，以「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写秋夜的凄凉，那「卧闻新雁落寒汀」以秋景收束，写尽壮志未酬的感慨与秋夜的凄凉，余味悠长。四重手法层层推进，使此诗成为陆游诗中「以泊写壮」的名篇。

Allusions

'The Yannran' (Yannran) is the Yannran — the mountain of the record, the inscription of the merit; 'the New Pavilion' (Xin ting) is the New Pavilion — the pavilion of the weeping, the sorrow of the country; 'the great desert' (da mo) is the great desert — the desert of the frontier, the crossing of the old self; 'the new geese' (xin yan) are the new geese — the geese of the autumn, the new geese of the cold sandbank.

此诗的意象与典故深植于爱国与壮怀传统。「腰间羽箭久凋零，太息燕然未勒铭」写羽箭凋零、燕然未勒——「腰间羽箭久凋零」写腰间的羽箭久已凋零（那「羽箭」写箭羽（箭尾的羽毛），「久凋零」写久已凋零（久不用而锈损、凋落），令人想到「控弦破左的」的弓箭意象与「干戈未定」的武备），「太息燕然未勒铭」写太息燕然未勒铭（「燕然勒铭」用窦宪勒石燕然之典（东汉窦宪大破北匈奴，登燕然山（今蒙古杭爱山）勒石记功，令人想到「燕然未勒归无计」（范仲淹《渔家傲》）的燕然意象——那「燕然未勒」正是壮志未酬的象征），那「羽箭久凋零」写尽武备的荒废、「燕然未勒铭」写尽壮志未酬。「老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭」写犹堪绝漠、何至泣亭——「老子犹堪绝大漠」写老子（陆游自称，「老子」令人想到「老子婆娑」的放达自称与「老子兴不浅」的豪气）犹堪绝大漠（还能横绝大漠（「绝大漠」写横渡大漠，令人想到「卫青霍去病绝大漠」的征战——汉军绝漠远征）），「诸君何至泣新亭」写诸君何至泣新亭（「新亭对泣」用《世说新语》之典（东晋士大夫于新亭（今南京）对泣，周顗言「风景不殊，正自有山河之异」，王导言「当共戮力王室，克复神州，何至作楚囚相对泣耶」，令人想到「新亭对泣」的悲泣意象与「克复神州」的壮志），那「老子犹堪绝大漠」写尽老而壮志、「诸君何至泣新亭」写尽对苟安者的不满（何至像新亭对泣那样悲泣，正该戮力克复）。「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」写报国万死、双鬓无再青——「一身报国有万死」写一身报国万死不辞（那「万死」写万死不惜，令人想到「男儿何不带吴钩，收取关山五十州」（李贺《南园》）的报国意象与「马革裹尸」的壮烈），「双鬓向人无再青」写双鬓无再青（那「双鬓无再青」写白了不能再黑（「再青」写再黑，令人想到「白了少年头，空悲切」（岳飞《满江红》）的白发意象与「少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲」的惜时），那「一身报国有万死」写尽报国的决心、「双鬓向人无再青」写尽年老的无奈。「记取江湖泊船处，卧闻新雁落寒汀」写泊船水村、卧闻新雁——「记取江湖泊船处」写记住江湖泊船之处（那「记取」写记住，「江湖泊船处」写江湖中泊船的地方（水村），令人想到「江湖夜雨十年灯」（黄庭坚《寄黄几复》）的江湖意象与「小舟从此逝，江海寄余生」（苏轼《临江仙》）的江湖泊船意象），「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写卧听新雁落在寒汀（那「新雁」写新飞来的大雁（大雁南飞，正是秋景），「寒汀」写寒冷的汀洲（令人想到「一汀烟雨杏花寒」的汀洲意象），那「卧闻新雁落寒汀」令人想到「铁马冰河入梦来」（陆游《十一月四日风雨大作》）的卧听意象与「雁过也，正伤心」（李清照《声声慢》）的雁意象——那「卧闻新雁」，正是陆游「僵卧孤村」式的卧听，那新雁南飞、寒汀夜泊，写尽秋夜的凄凉与壮志未酬的感慨）。全诗化用范仲淹、李贺、岳飞、《世说新语》（及陆游自己的「僵卧孤村」诗）的意象与典故，以泊写壮、以用典写壮志，正是陆游「以爱国写壮怀」的本领。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous patriotic works of Lu You, quoted for the contrast of its will and its age. The old self still able crossing the great desert, and the sideburns no more green, are among the admired passages of the poet's patriotic poems. Critics praise the poem's indignation: the service of the country gathered in the contrast, to the close's cold sandbank.

此诗历来被推为陆游「以泊写壮」的名篇，也是「老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭」「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」「卧闻新雁落寒汀」等名句的出处。历代论者对此诗评价较高：论者多指出此诗以夜泊水村写壮怀与感慨，以「老子犹堪绝大漠」写老而壮志，以「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」写报国与年老的矛盾，是陆游爱国诗中的佳作。在文学史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以夜泊写出了壮怀与感慨——那「腰间羽箭久凋零，太息燕然未勒铭」写尽了武备的荒废与壮志未酬（腰间的羽箭久已凋零，叹息燕然山尚未勒铭），那「老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭」写尽了老而壮志与对苟安者的不满（我还能够横绝大漠，诸君何至于像新亭对泣那样悲泣），那「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」写尽了报国的决心与年老的无奈（一身报国万死不辞，双鬓却不能再青），那「记取江湖泊船处，卧闻新雁落寒汀」写尽了秋夜的凄凉与壮志的感慨（记住这江湖泊船之处，卧听新雁落在寒汀）——那「一身报国有万死」写尽报国的决心（万死不辞），那「双鬓向人无再青」写尽年老的无奈（白了不能再黑），那「万死」与「无再青」的对照，正是壮怀与无奈的矛盾——报国之心至死不渝，双鬓却已苍老，正是「壮志未酬」的深沉；那「卧闻新雁落寒汀」更以秋景收束，写尽壮志未酬的凄凉。诗中「老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭」写老而壮志，是名句；「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」写报国与年老，更是千古名句。此诗与陆游的《十一月四日风雨大作》（「僵卧孤村不自哀，尚思为国戍轮台」）一样，都是写「卧」中壮志（卧闻新雁、僵卧孤村）的名篇。对于今日读者，此诗是理解陆游「至死不渝爱国」与「壮怀与无奈」的窗口，也是感受中国诗「以泊写壮」传统的典范——那凋零的羽箭、燕然未勒的叹息、报国万死的决心、双鬓无再青的无奈、卧闻新雁的凄凉，穿越千年，仍在诉说着一个爱国诗人「有心报国，无力回天」的悲壮。

Prosody

Form A regulated seven-character poem of the patriotic七言律诗（仄起首句入韵）

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level-tone ming, ting, qing and ting of the group — the even, level rhyme that carries the indignant sorrow.押下平九青韵，韵脚为「零」「铭」「亭」「青」「汀」。首句「零」字平声入韵，属首句入韵之格。韵脚「零」「铭」「亭」「青」「汀」皆属青部，韵音清亮悠长，正合其壮志感慨的风格。

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the patriotism: the level opening with the withered arrows, the turning with the service and the age, and the close's fall with the cold sandbank.腰间羽箭久凋零，平平仄仄仄平平；太息燕然未勒铭，仄仄平平仄仄平；老子犹堪绝大漠，仄仄平平仄仄仄；诸君何至泣新亭，平平平仄仄平平；一身报国有万死，仄平仄仄仄仄仄；双鬓向人无再青，平仄仄平平仄平；记取江湖泊船处，仄仄平平仄平仄；卧闻新雁落寒汀，仄平平仄仄平平。全诗平仄大体合于七律格律（「一身报国有万死」句个别字拗），音节清亮悠长。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its indignation: the even, level rhymes carry the cadence of the service, and the close — 'wo wen xin yan luo han ting' — falls with the cold sandbank, the sound of the sorrow of the patriotic poet.此诗是仄起首句入韵的七言律诗，押平声青韵，格律大体严谨，音节清亮，是陆游爱国诗中「以泊写壮」的名篇。全诗四联结构分明：首联写壮志未酬（羽箭凋零、燕然未勒），颔联写老而壮志（犹堪绝漠、何至泣亭），颈联写报国与年老（报国万死、双鬓无再青），尾联写泊船卧闻（记取泊船处、卧闻新雁落寒汀）。声调上，全诗以平声青韵为韵脚，韵音清亮悠长，配合「老子犹堪绝大漠」的豪壮与「卧闻新雁落寒汀」的凄凉，全篇音节清亮而不失沉郁。诵读此诗，宜以慷慨的语调读颔联的壮志（老子犹堪绝大漠），以悲凉的语调读颈联与尾联的感慨（双鬓无再青、卧闻新雁落寒汀），尤其「一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青」两句，要读得慷慨而悲凉，方能传达出陆游「有心报国、无力回天」的悲壮。陆游诗以「爱国」著称，此诗正是其「以泊写壮」的经典。

Line by line

老子犹堪绝大漠，诸君何至泣新亭。

This old man can still cross the great desert; why must you gentlemen weep at New Pavilion?

我还能够横绝大漠、征战塞外，诸君何至于像新亭对泣那样悲泣。

I am still fit to cross the great desert; why must you gentlemen weep at New Pavilion?

这两句是写老而壮志的名句，也是千古名句，以「老子犹堪绝大漠」写老而壮志，以「诸君何至泣新亭」写对苟安者的不满，慷慨而激昂。「老子犹堪绝大漠」写老而壮志——老子（陆游自称）犹堪绝大漠（还能横绝大漠、征战塞外），「老子」写陆游自称（那「老子」写放达的自称，也暗含豪气），「犹堪绝大漠」写还能横绝大漠（那「绝大漠」写横渡大漠、征战塞外，令人想到「卫青霍去病绝大漠」的征战），那「老子犹堪绝大漠」写尽老而壮志——虽然年老了，还能征战塞外，那「犹堪」写尽老当益壮；「诸君何至泣新亭」写对苟安者的不满——诸君何至于像新亭对泣那样悲泣，「诸君」写诸位（那主张苟安的人），「何至泣新亭」写何至于新亭对泣（那「新亭对泣」用《世说新语》之典，写东晋士大夫于新亭对泣、悲叹山河之异），那「诸君何至泣新亭」写尽对苟安者的不满——何至于像新亭对泣那样悲泣，正该戮力克复神州。这两句的深意在于：它以「老子犹堪绝大漠」与「诸君何至泣新亭」的对照，写出了老而壮志与对苟安者的不满——那「老子犹堪绝大漠」写陆游的壮志（虽然年老了，还能征战塞外，那「犹堪」写尽老当益壮），那「诸君何至泣新亭」写对苟安者的批评（何至于像新亭对泣那样悲泣，正该戮力克复，那「何至」写尽不满）；而更深一层，那「老子犹堪绝大漠」与「诸君何至泣新亭」的对照，正是「老壮」与「少怯」的对比——年老的陆游犹堪绝漠，年轻的诸君却泣于新亭，那「犹堪」与「何至」的对照，写尽陆游对苟安时局的愤慨与老当益壮的豪情。以「老子犹堪」写老壮、以「诸君何至」写不满、以「绝大漠」「泣新亭」用典，正是陆游「以用典写壮志」的本领，也让这两句成为千古名句。

These two lines write the old-and-yet-lofty famed line, and the through-the-ages famed line, using the this-old-man-can-still-cross-the-great-desert for the old-and-lofty, and the why-must-you-gentlemen-weep-at-New-Pavilion for the no-approval-of-the-contented-ones, the lofty and ardent tone. The this-old-man-can-still-cross-the-great-desert writing the old-and-lofty — the laozi (Lu You's self-reference) still's able to cross-the-desert-and-fight-the-frontier, the laozi word's the untrammeled self-reference (also carrying the boldness), the still-cross-the-desert's still's the desert's crossing-and-frontier-battle, making one think of Wei Qing-and-Huo-Qubing's desert-crossing campaign; the this-old-man-can-still-cross-the-great-desert exhausting the old-and-lofty — though the old, still's able to fight the frontier, the still-able's exhausting the old-and-yet-strong; the why-must-you-gentlemen-weep-at-New-Pavilion writing the no-approval of the contented ones — the gentlemen's why's the New-Pavilion-weeping, the zhu-jun writing the gentlemen (the contented-party-advocates), the why-weep-at-New-Pavilion's the New-Pavilion-weeping using the New-Account allusion, writing the Eastern-Jin scholars' New-Pavilion-facing-weeping-and-sighing-the-rivers'-difference, the why-must-you-gentlemen-weep-at-New-Pavilion exhausting the no-approval of the contented ones — why's the New-Pavilion-weeping, precisely should's the united-effort's recovery. These two lines' deep meaning: they use the this-old-man-can-still-cross-the-great-desert and the why-must-you-gentlemen-weep-at-New-Pavilion's contrast, writing the old-and-lofty and the contented-ones' disapproval — the still-cross-the-desert's writing Lu You's lofty will (though the old, still's the frontier-battle, the still-able's exhausting the old-and-yet-strong), the why-weep-at-New-Pavilion's writing the contented-party's criticism (why's the New-Pavilion-weeping, precisely should's the united-effort's recovery, the why-to's exhausting the disapproval); and the deeper layer, the still-cross-the-desert and the why-weep-at-New-Pavilion's contrast, precisely the old-strong and the young-timid contrast — the old Lu You's still's able to cross the desert, the young gentlemen's and yet the New-Pavilion weeping, the still-able and why-to's contrast, exhausting Lu You's contented-time's indignation and the old-and-yet-strong boldness. Using the still-able for the old-strong, the why-to for the disapproval, the cross-desert-and-weep-New-Pavilion allusions, precisely Lu You's allusion-writes-lofty-will craft, and making these two lines the through-the-ages famed line.

一身报国有万死，双鬓向人无再青。

One body, serving the country, with ten thousand deaths, the two sideburns, toward the men, no more the green.

一身报国，万死不辞；双鬓向人，却不能再青。

This body of mine would die ten thousand deaths for the country; but the two temples, shown to the world, will never turn black again.

这两句是写报国与年老的名句，也是千古名句，以「一身报国有万死」写报国的决心，以「双鬓向人无再青」写年老的无奈，慷慨而悲凉。「一身报国有万死」写报国的决心——一身报国、万死不辞，「一身报国」写一身报国（那「一身」写一身之力、以一身报国），「有万死」写万死不辞（那「万死」写万死不惜——报国虽万死而不辞），那「一身报国有万死」写尽报国的决心——以一身报国，万死不辞，那「万死」写尽报国的决心与壮烈；「双鬓向人无再青」写年老的无奈——双鬓向人、不能再青，「双鬓向人」写双鬓向人（那双鬓已白，向人可见），「无再青」写不能再青（那「青」写黑，白了不能再黑），那「双鬓向人无再青」写尽年老的无奈——双鬓已白，不能再青，正是「白了少年头」的无奈。这两句的深意在于：它以「一身报国有万死」与「双鬓向人无再青」的对照，写出了报国的决心与年老的无奈——那「一身报国有万死」写报国的决心（万死不辞），那「双鬓向人无再青」写年老的无奈（白了不能再黑），那「万死」与「无再青」的对照，正是壮怀与无奈的矛盾——报国之心至死不渝，双鬓却已苍老，那「有万死」的决心与「无再青」的无奈，写尽陆游「有心报国、无力回天」的悲壮；而更深一层，那「一身报国有万死」正是「位卑未敢忘忧国」（陆游《病起书怀》）的深化——那「万死」写尽报国的决心（万死不辞），那「双鬓无再青」写尽年老的急迫（双鬓已白，时不我待）——正因为双鬓无再青（老了、时间不多了），才更要「一身报国有万死」（抓紧报国），那「万死」与「无再青」的对照，写尽陆游至死不渝的爱国与时不我待的急迫。以「万死」写决心、以「无再青」写无奈，正是陆游「以对照写悲壮」的本领，也让这两句成为千古名句。

These two lines write the country-serving-and-old-age famed line, and the through-the-ages famed line, using the this-body-would-die-ten-thousand-deaths-for-the-country for the country-serving determination, and the two-temples-shown-to-the-world-will-never-turn-black-again for the old-age helplessness, the lofty and bleak tone. The this-body-would-die-ten-thousand-deaths-for-the-country writing the country-serving determination — the one-body's country-serving and the ten-thousand-deaths' no-refusal, the this-body's country-serving writing the one-body's strength and one-body's country-serving, the has-ten-thousand-deaths writing the ten-thousand-deaths' no-refusal; the this-body-would-die-ten-thousand-deaths-for-the-country exhausting the country-serving determination — the one-body's country-serving, ten-thousand-deaths' no-refusal, the ten-thousand-deaths's exhausting the determination-and-heroism; the two-temples-shown-to-the-world-will-never-turn-black-again writing the old-age helplessness — the two temples' shown and the no-longer-black, the temples'-shown-to-the-world writing the temples' white and the visible, the no-longer-black writing the no-longer-black (the qing meaning black, the white's no-longer-black), the two-temples-shown-to-the-world-will-never-turn-black-again exhausting the old-age helplessness — the temples' white, no-longer-black, precisely the young-head's-grown-white helplessness. These two lines' deep meaning: they use the this-body-would-die-ten-thousand-deaths-for-the-country and the two-temples-shown-to-the-world-will-never-turn-black-again's contrast, writing the country-serving determination and the old-age helplessness — the ten-thousand-deaths' writing the determination, the no-longer-black's writing the helplessness, the ten-thousand-deaths and no-longer-black's contrast, precisely the lofty-heart-and-helplessness's contradiction — the country-serving heart's death's no-betrayal, the temples' and yet's already's the old, the has-ten-thousand-deaths determination and the no-longer-black helplessness, exhausting Lu You's heart's-to-serve-the-country-and-yet-no-power-to-turn-the-heavens tragic-heroism; and the deeper layer, the this-body-would-die-ten-thousand-deaths-for-the-country's precisely the humble-station's-no-daring-to-forget-the-country's deepening — the ten-thousand-deaths's exhausting the determination, the temples'-no-longer-black's exhausting the old-age's urgency — precisely because of the no-longer-black (old, the time's little), the more's the one-body's ten-thousand-deaths (the hurry-to-serve), the ten-thousand-deaths and no-longer-black's contrast, exhausting Lu You's death's-no-betrayal patriotism and the time's-not-with-me urgency. Using the ten-thousand-deaths for the determination and the no-longer-black for the helplessness, precisely Lu You's contrast-writes-tragic-heroism craft, and making these two lines the through-the-ages famed line.

Study

Word focus

犹堪 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「犹堪」二字是写老而壮志的关键字，以「犹堪」写虽老犹能，慷慨而豪壮。犹堪，还能够、尚且可以也。陆游以「老子犹堪绝大漠」写壮志，一个「犹堪」，至少有双重意味：其一，写老而犹能——「犹堪绝大漠」写还能够横绝大漠，「犹堪」写还能够（那「犹堪」写虽然年老了，却还能够），那「犹堪」写尽老当益壮——虽然年老了，还能征战塞外，那「犹堪」写尽老而壮志；其二，写不服老之豪情——「犹堪」暗写不服老的豪情——那「老子犹堪绝大漠」的「犹堪」，写尽陆游不服老的豪情（虽然年老了，却说「犹堪」——还能征战），那「犹堪」写尽老骥伏枥、壮心不已的豪情。以「犹堪」写壮志，正是陆游炼字的本领：那「犹堪」二字，既是写老而犹能（虽然年老还能征战），也是写不服老的豪情（老骥伏枥、壮心不已），更是写与「诸君何至泣新亭」的对照（年老的我还犹堪绝漠，年轻的诸君却泣于新亭）——那「犹堪」写尽老而壮志的豪情与对苟安者的对照。若换作「尚能」「还可」等词，则或失其「犹堪」的豪壮，或失其与「诸君何至」的对照；唯「犹堪」二字，以两字写尽老而犹能与不服老的豪情，也让「老子犹堪绝大漠」成为千古名句——那「犹堪」，正是陆游「老骥伏枥」的豪情。

寒汀 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「寒汀」二字是写秋夜凄凉的关键字，以「寒汀」写新雁所落的寒冷汀洲，写尽秋夜的凄凉与壮志未酬的感慨。寒汀，寒冷的汀洲（水边的平地）也。陆游以「卧闻新雁落寒汀」写秋夜，一个「寒汀」，至少有双重意味：其一，写秋夜之寒冷——「落寒汀」写新雁落在寒冷的汀洲，「寒汀」写寒冷的汀洲（那「寒」写寒冷，「汀」写水边的平地），那「寒汀」写尽汀洲的寒冷（秋夜的汀洲，寒冷凄清），那「寒汀」写尽秋夜的凄凉；其二，写心境之凄凉——「寒汀」暗写心境的凄凉——那「卧闻新雁落寒汀」的「寒汀」，既是写新雁所落的寒冷汀洲，也是写陆游心境的寒冷（壮志未酬、年老的凄凉），那「寒汀」写尽心境的凄凉——那寒汀上的新雁，正如陆游自己（漂泊的、孤独的），那「寒汀」写尽壮志未酬的凄凉。以「寒汀」写秋夜，正是陆游炼字的本领：那「寒汀」二字，既是写新雁所落的寒冷汀洲（秋夜的环境），也是写心境的凄凉（壮志未酬的寒冷），更是写「卧闻」的孤寂（卧听新雁落在寒汀，正是「僵卧孤村」式的孤寂）——那「寒汀」，把秋夜的寒冷与心境的凄凉融为一体。若换作「冷汀」「霜汀」等词，则或失其「寒」的贴切，或失其与「新雁」的相映；唯「寒汀」二字，以两字写尽秋夜的寒冷与心境的凄凉，也让「卧闻新雁落寒汀」成为千古名句——那「寒汀」，正是陆游「壮志未酬」的凄凉写照。