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宋 Song · 诗 Poem

临淄同刘仲方作

Written at Linzi with Liu Zhongfang

张方平

Zhang Fangping

怀古meditation on the past 齐地the land of Qi

回合空山万叠苍，磻溪投钓此开疆。
儒家俎豆连洙泗，战图戈鋋接楚梁。
四岳子孙终海屿，诸田意气尽尸乡。
不惟仲父能轻重，形胜由来自霸强。

Ringing empty hills, ten thousand folds of green; by Pan Creek he cast his line and here opened the realm.
The Confucian rites and vessels reach to Zhu and Si; war charts and spears meet Chu and Liang.
The four-peaks' descendants ended on sea isles; the Tian clan's proud spirit spent in Corpse Town.
Not only could the Second Father weigh light and heavy — natural strongholds have ever bred hegemony.

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Meaning

Climbing the old Qi capital Linzi with Liu Zhongfang, the poet surveys the rise and fall of the state of Qi. He recalls its founding by Tai Gong, its dual flourishing in rites and war, and the eventual ruin of its ruling clans. The closing asserts that hegemony came not only from a man of talent like Guan Zhong but also from the land's natural stronghold.

空山回合，万叠苍茫，磻溪投钓于此而开齐国疆土。儒家俎豆之礼连于洙泗，战图戈鋋之兵接于楚梁。四岳子孙终归海屿，诸田意气尽化尸乡。不惟仲父（管仲）能权衡轻重，形胜自来便成霸强。

Appreciation

Structured like a meditation-on-the-past fu, the poem moves from scene to history, from flourishing to decline, then to argument. The 'rite–war' antithesis compresses Qi's civil-martial strength, and the 'rise–fall' antithesis frames its dynastic arc. The lofty Yang-rhyme and exact couplets make it a typical Song poem of 'writing history through place.'

【白话串讲】张方平写临淄：“回合空山万叠苍，磻溪投钓此开疆”——临淄是齐国的都城。“儒家俎豆连洙泗，战图戈鋋接楚梁”——“不惟仲父能轻重，形胜由来自霸强”——他写齐国的霸业。【意象与手法】此诗七言律诗，四联，章法如怀古赋。起联「回合空山万叠苍，磻溪投钓此开疆」以景起而带史，空山万叠写临淄形胜，磻溪钓开齐国写其肇基；颔联「儒家俎豆连洙泗，战图戈鋋接楚梁」以「礼—兵」对举，写齐文承洙泗、武接楚梁，气象阔大；颈联「四岳子孙终海屿，诸田意气尽尸乡」以「终」「尽」二字写兴衰归宿，沉痛；尾联「不惟仲父能轻重，形胜由来自霸强」以论收，归到地利与人和并重的史识。通篇由景入史、由盛入衰、由衰入论。【情感与主旨】此诗与刘仲方同游齐故都临淄，抚齐之兴亡，寓「形胜与人杰并重」之思，亦见北宋怀古诗重「地理—人事」对照的学风，与《秦州北山》凭隗嚣宫同属登临论古之作。【名句点睛】「不惟仲父能轻重，形胜由来自霸强」以翻案收束，人杰（仲父）固重，形胜亦不可忽，持论持平，最见宋人怀古「以论带史」之长。

Background

Zhang Fangping's 'Written at Linzi with Liu Zhongfang' was composed when he and Liu Zhongfang toured the old Qi capital Linzi. Linzi was the Zhou-Qi capital; Qi began when Tai Gong was enfeoffed and fished at Pan Creek, reached hegemony under Duke Huan and Guan Zhong, and ended when the Tian clan replaced Qi. Fangping, climbing, touched Qi's rise and fall: the opening couplet starts from Tai Gong's Pan Creek founding; the second couplet writes Qi's rites (Zhu-Si) and war (Chu-Liang) both flourishing; the third couplet sighs the four-peaks descendants and the Tian clan finally perished; the closing returns to the lesson of 'stronghold and the Second Father (man of talent) together make hegemony.' This poem was likely written when Fangping toured Shandong and studied antiquities, using Qi history to lodge the thought that 'stronghold and the Second Father together build hegemony,' also showing the Northern Song meditation-on-the-past learning that stresses the 'geography–human-affairs' contrast, of a kind with his 'On the Northern Hill at Qinzhou' on Weixiao's palace. Linzi was the Zhou-Qi capital; Fangping toured with Liu and touched its rise and fall, lodging the thought that stronghold and the Second Father together build hegemony — with the Qinzhou piece one praises and one blames, both arguing from local-man, showing his lively historical insight and two tones of climbing poems.

张方平《临淄同刘仲方作》与刘仲方同游齐故都临淄而作。临淄为周齐都城，齐自太公封于磻溪垂钓起家，至桓公管仲称霸，田氏代齐而终。方平登临，抚齐之兴亡：起联由太公磻溪开疆起，颔联写齐「礼（洙泗）」「兵（楚梁）」并盛，颈联叹四岳之后、诸田之族终归沦灭，尾联归到「形胜霸强」之鉴。此诗当在方平游齐鲁、考古迹时，借齐史寓「形胜与仲父（人杰）共成霸业」之思，亦见北宋怀古诗重「地理—人事」对照的学风，与《秦州北山》凭隗嚣宫同属登临论古之作。临淄为周齐都城，齐自太公封于磻溪起家，至桓公管仲称霸，田氏代齐而终，方平与刘仲方同游，抚齐之兴亡。此诗当在方平游齐鲁、考古迹时作，借齐史寓「形胜与仲父共成霸业」之思。北宋重地理之学，怀古诗多「地理—人事」对照，方平此篇与《秦州北山》凭隗嚣宫同属登临论古，一褒一贬皆就地人立论，可见其史识之活与登临诗之两种笔调。临淄为周齐都城，方平同游抚其兴亡，借齐史寓形胜与仲父共成霸业之思，与秦州篇一褒一贬皆就地人立论，可见史识之活与登临诗两种笔调。

Art

This is a seven-character regulated verse, four couplets, structured like a meditation-on-the-past fu. The opening 'ringing empty hills, ten thousand folds of green; by Pan Creek he cast his line and here opened the realm' rises with scene carrying history, the empty hills write Linzi's stronghold, the Pan Creek fishing writes its founding. The second couplet 'the Confucian rites and vessels reach to Zhu and Si; war charts and spears meet Chu and Liang' sets 'rite–war' in antithesis, writing Qi's civil inheriting Zhu-Si and martial meeting Chu-Liang, grand manner. The third couplet 'the four-peaks' descendants ended on sea isles; the Tian clan's proud spirit spent in Corpse Town' uses 'ended' and 'spent' to write the home of rise and fall, heavy. The closing 'not only could the Second Father weigh light and heavy — natural strongholds have ever bred hegemony' closes with argument, returning to the historical insight that geography and human talent are both weighty. The whole moves from scene to history, from flourishing to decline, from decline to argument, antitheses exact, a typical Song meditation-on-the-past 'writing history through place.'

此诗七言律诗，四联，章法如怀古赋。起联「回合空山万叠苍，磻溪投钓此开疆」以景起而带史，空山万叠写临淄形胜，磻溪钓开齐国写其肇基；颔联「儒家俎豆连洙泗，战图戈鋋接楚梁」以「礼—兵」对举，写齐文承洙泗、武接楚梁，气象阔大；颈联「四岳子孙终海屿，诸田意气尽尸乡」以「终」「尽」二字写兴衰归宿，沉痛；尾联「不惟仲父能轻重，形胜由来自霸强」以论收，归到地利与人和并重的史识。通篇由景入史、由盛入衰、由衰入论，对仗精切，是宋人怀古诗「以地写史」的典型。起联以景带史，空山万叠写形胜、磻溪钓开齐国写肇基；颔联以礼兵对举写齐之盛；颈联以终尽写兴衰归宿；尾联以论收，归到地利与人和并重。通篇由景入史、由盛入衰、由衰入论，对仗精切，是宋人怀古诗「以地写史」的典型。其写齐不铺陈征伐，而撮礼兵、四岳、诸田之迹，包举一代，章法简而意赅，足见台阁怀古之度。起联景带史、颔联礼兵对举、颈联终尽写衰、尾联以论收，由景入史由盛入衰由衰入论，对仗精切，是宋人怀古诗以地写史之典型。

Allusions

The allusions are all Qi history and Confucianism. First, 'Pan Creek casting line': Jiang Tai Gong fished at Pan Creek, met King Wen, was enfeoffed Qi, figuring Qi's founding; Fangping with 'here opened the realm' makes Linzi's beginning concrete. Second, 'rites and vessels' (zu-dou): ritual vessels, figuring rites; 'Zhu-Si': where Confucius taught, Qi near Lu, ritual connected. Third, 'spears' (ge-chan): weapons; 'Chu-Liang': Chu and Wei (Liang), Qi bordered them and fought. Fourth, 'four-peaks': among Yao's ministers the four-peaks, said ancestral to the Jiang clan of Qi; 'sea isles' says the clan finally scattered to sea. Fifth, 'Tian clan': the clan that replaced Qi; 'Corpse Town': a place in Yanshi, Henan, or where the Tian clan perished. Sixth, 'Second Father' (Zhongfu): Duke Huan honored Guan Zhong as Second Father, who could weigh light and heavy and make hegemony; Fangping turns with 'not only,' saying hegemony also relied on stronghold. All allusions circle the one theme of Qi's rise and fall.

用典皆齐史与儒家。其一，「磻溪投钓」：姜太公钓于磻溪，遇文王，封齐，喻齐之肇基；方平以「此开疆」坐实临淄之始。其二，「俎豆」：礼器，喻礼乐；「洙泗」：孔子讲学之洙泗，齐近鲁，儒礼相连。其三，「戈鋋」：戈矛，兵器；「楚梁」：楚魏（梁即魏），齐与楚魏接境构兵。其四，「四岳」：尧臣四岳之后有齐姜姓之说；「海屿」谓其族终散海上。其五，「诸田」：田氏代齐之族；「尸乡」：河南偃师地名，或指田氏败亡所归。其六，「仲父」：齐桓公尊管仲为仲父，谓其能权衡轻重、成霸；方平以「不惟」翻转，言霸强亦仗形胜。诸典皆围绕「齐之兴亡」一旨。「磻溪投钓」谓太公肇齐，「俎豆」「洙泗」写齐近鲁而礼承孔子，「戈鋋」「楚梁」写齐武接楚魏，「四岳」「海屿」写姜姓之散，「诸田」「尸乡」写田氏之灭，「仲父」谓管仲权衡轻重。诸典皆齐史与儒家，方平以「不惟」翻转常论，言霸强亦仗形胜，正合北宋地理之学重形势的学风，亦见其论史不偏一端。磻溪俎豆洙泗戈鋋楚梁四岳海屿诸田尸乡仲父，诸典皆齐史与儒家，以不惟翻转常论言霸强亦仗形胜，正合北宋地理之学重形势之学风。

Commentary

The hand and eye of this poem lie in 'valuing stronghold and man of talent equally.' The first six lines write Qi's flourishing (Tai Gong founding, rites and war both flourishing) and its decline (the four-peaks and Tian clan finally perished); the closing 'not only could the Second Father weigh light and heavy — natural strongholds have ever bred hegemony' suddenly overturns: the man of talent (Second Father) matters, but stronghold must not be overlooked. This fits the Northern Song geography learning that stresses 'situation,' also showing Fangping's history judgment not one-sided. Opposite his 'On the Northern Hill at Qinzhou' blaming Weixiao 'knowing well that relying on danger is no policy,' this piece permits Qi's 'natural strongholds ever breed hegemony' — one blames, one praises, both argue from 'place–man,' showing his lively historical insight. The Qing 'Song Poems Selection' says Fangping 'has a deep elegant air'; this poem writes Qi history in seven-character regulated, the antitheses 'rites and vessels – spears' and 'Zhu-Si – Chu-Liang' especially show craft. Reading it one should know Northern Song meditation-on-the-past had turned from Tang's 'hurting feeling' to 'discussing situation'; this piece is an example.

此诗是张方平怀古之作，手眼在「形胜与人杰并重」。前六句写齐之盛（太公开疆、礼兵并盛）与其衰（四岳诸田终归沦灭），末联「不惟仲父能轻重，形胜由来自霸强」忽作翻案：人杰（仲父）固重，形胜亦不可忽。这正合北宋地理之学重「形势」的学风，亦见方平论史不偏一端。与《秦州北山》讥隗嚣「保险明知本无策」相反，此篇许齐之「形胜自来霸强」，一贬一褒，皆就「地—人」立论，可见其史识之活。清人《宋诗钞》谓方平「气体渊雅」，此诗以七律写齐史，对仗「俎豆—戈鋋」「洙泗—楚梁」尤见工力。读此诗，当知北宋怀古已由唐之「伤情」转向「论势」，此篇可为一例。此诗手眼在「形胜与人杰并重」，前六句写齐之盛与其衰，末联忽翻案许齐之形胜，持论持平。与《秦州北山》讥隗嚣恃险相反，一贬一褒皆就地人立论，可见史识之活。清人谓方平气体渊雅，此诗以七律写齐史，对仗「俎豆—戈鋋」「洙泗—楚梁」尤见工力。读此诗当知北宋怀古已由唐之伤情转向论势，此篇以阳韵宏亮写霸业之雄，可为一例。前六句写盛衰、末联翻案许形胜，持论持平；以七律写齐史对仗俎豆戈鋋洙泗楚梁尤见工力，读之当知北宋怀古已由伤情转向论势。

Prosody

Form Seven-character regulated verse (qilü)七言律诗

Rhyme Level-tone Yang rhyme (cang, jiang, liang, qiang), one rhyme to the end.平声阳韵（苍、疆、梁、强），一韵到底。

Tone pattern Seven-character regulated verse follows level-oblique; the middle two couplets antithesize: 'the Confucian rites... meet Chu and Liang' and 'the four-peaks' descendants... spent in Corpse Town,' level-oblique matched, parts of speech matched.七言律诗依平仄，中二联对仗：『儒家俎豆连洙泗，战图戈鋋接楚梁』『四岳子孙终海屿，诸田意气尽尸乡』，平仄相俪、词性相侔。

Reading note This seven-character regulated verse rhymes in level-tone Yang (cang, jiang, liang, qiang). The Yang rhyme belongs to the dang sheng, open third division, bright open vowel, fit for writing the breadth of meditation-on-the-past and the grandeur of hegemony, matching 'ten thousand folds of green,' 'opened the realm,' 'spears meet Chu-Liang,' 'ever breed hegemony.' Fangping uses Yang rhyme to hold the four couplets; head and tail 'cang' (stronghold) and 'qiang' (hegemony) echo, middle 'jiang' and 'liang' continue and turn, one breath continuing. Regulated verse stresses the middle two antitheses; this piece's second couplet 'rites and vessels – spears' and 'Zhu-Si – Chu-Liang' sets rite-war in antithesis, third couplet 'four-peaks – Tian clan' and 'sea isles – Corpse Town' sets rise-fall in antithesis, both exact and encompassing Qi history. Yang rhyme's brightness holds this broad meditation, so the seven-character verse is not dulled by the middle's historical piling. The closing 'not only could the Second Father weigh light and heavy — natural strongholds have ever breed hegemony' closes with loose argument among the parallel, the structure thus lives. This piece shows the Song meditation-on-the-past face of 'writing situation through rhyme, writing history through antithesis.'此诗七言律诗，押平声阳韵（苍、疆、梁、强）。阳韵属宕摄开口三等，元音宏亮开阔，宜写怀古之阔大与霸业之雄，与「万叠苍」「开疆」「戈鋋接楚梁」「自霸强」的气象恰相称。方平以阳韵笼四联，首尾「苍」（形胜）与「强」（霸强）呼应，中幅「疆」「梁」承转，声气一贯。律诗重中二联对仗，此篇颔联「俎豆—戈鋋」「洙泗—楚梁」以礼兵对举，颈联「四岳—诸田」「海屿—尸乡」以兴衰对举，皆工切而包举齐史。阳韵的宏亮托住这番怀古的阔论，使七律不致因中幅史事堆叠而沉闷。尾联「不惟仲父能轻重，形胜由来自霸强」以散句理语收，于骈中放散，章法乃活。此篇可觇宋人怀古诗以韵写势、以对仗写史的面目。

Line by line

回合空山万叠苍，磻溪投钓此开疆。

Ringing empty hills, ten thousand folds of green; by Pan Creek he cast his line and here opened the realm — the opening that sets Linzi's stronghold and Tai Gong's founding in one scene-and-history stroke.

空山回合，万叠苍茫，磻溪投钓于此而开齐国疆土。

Empty hills turn about, tier on tier of green; at Panxi he cast his line, and here opened the realm.

此起联以景带史，是全诗登临的底座。「回合空山万叠苍」写临淄外围山势回环、层叠苍茫，状其形胜；「磻溪投钓此开疆」点出姜太公磻溪垂钓、遇文王而封齐、于此开疆的肇基史。一景一史，由地及人，起手即把「临淄」二字坐实——不写城池而写山与钓，含蓄而有根。方平怀古每由形胜起（如《秦州北山》由北山起），此联「万叠苍」之阔与「投钓」之远，恰为后文「形胜霸强」伏脉。七律起手以景笼史，不即不离，是宋调怀古稳当的开篇。

The opening carries history through scenery, the base of the whole climb. Empty hills turn about, tier on tier of green writes the ring of mountains around Linzi, layered and vast, meta-phoring its strategic form. At Panxi he cast his line, and here opened the realm points out the founding history of Jiang Taigong fishing at Panxi, meeting King Wen, being enfeoffed in Qi, and opening the realm here. One scenery one history, from place to man, the opening grounds the two characters Linzi - not writing walls and gates but mountains and fishing, reserved yet rooted. Fangping's mourning the past often rises from the strategic form (as in North Mountain of Qinzhou rising from the North Mountain); the vastness of tier on tier of green and the distance of casting his line plant the thread for the later strategic form and hegemonic strength. The seven-character opening enclosing history in scenery, neither near nor far, a steady opening of the Song tone on the past.

儒家俎豆连洙泗，战图戈鋋接楚梁。

The Confucian rites and vessels reach to Zhu and Si; war charts and spears meet Chu and Liang — the broadest couplet, writing Qi's dual civil-martial flourishing through rite-war antithesis.

儒家俎豆之礼连于洙泗，战图戈鋋之兵接于楚梁。

The Confucian sacrifices stretch to the Zhus and the Si; the battle lines of spears reach to Chu and Liang.

此颔联以「礼—兵」对举写齐之盛，是全诗气象最阔的一联。「儒家俎豆连洙泗」言齐地近鲁，礼乐（俎豆）上承孔子洙泗之教；「战图戈鋋接楚梁」言齐与楚魏（梁）接境，兵戈（戈鋋）图霸。一文一武，一内一外，对仗精切而包举齐之两面。方平于此最见史识：齐之强不在偏，而在礼兵并张。尤可味者「连」「接」二字，把地理（近洙泗、接楚梁）化为文化军事的延展，使「临淄」由一城扩为「儒—兵」交汇的枢纽。宋人怀古好以对仗写大势，此联以「俎豆—戈鋋」的雅烈对照，正见其手眼。

The jaw couplet writes Qi's splendor through the pair of rites and arms, the poem's broadest couplet. The first, the Confucian sacrifices stretch to the Zhus and the Si, says Qi lay near Lu, and the rites and sacrifices inherited Confucius's teaching on the Zhu and Si. The second, the battle lines of spears reach to Chu and Liang, says Qi bordered Chu and Wei (Liang), and its spears sought hegemony. One letters one arms, one inner one outer, the parallel precise and enclosing both sides of Qi. Fangping here most shows historical discernment: Qi's strength lay not in partiality but in rites and arms standing together. What is more to taste is the two words stretch and reach, turning geography (near the Zhu and Si, bordering Chu and Liang) into a cultural and military extension, so that Linzi expands from one city to the hub where Confucian learning and arms meet. Song mourning the past loved to write the broad current through parallel; this couplet, with the harsh contrast of sacrifices and spears, shows his hand and eye.

不惟仲父能轻重，形胜由来自霸强。

Not only could the Second Father weigh light and heavy — natural strongholds have ever bred hegemony — the closing that settles the poem's historical insight of valuing both man of talent and geography.

不惟仲父（管仲）能权衡轻重，形胜自来便成霸强。

It was not only the Uncle Zhong who held the balance; the strategic site has always made it a strong hegemon.

此尾联以论收束，是全诗史识的落点。「不惟仲父能轻重」翻转常论——人皆谓齐霸在管仲（桓公尊为仲父）权衡轻重，方平言「不惟」如此；「形胜由来自霸强」补出地利：临淄形胜自来便助成霸强。二句把前面「磻溪开疆」「俎豆戈鋋」的史迹，凝为「人杰—形胜」并重的史观。尤可味者「不惟」二字，既不全贬仲父、亦不独夸形胜，持论持平。七律末联最重收束，此以理语作结而不枯，正宋调怀古「以论带史」之长，亦暗含方平对当世「守在四夷、仗形胜亦仗人杰」的劝意。

The closing gathers in argument, the poem's landing of historical discernment. It was not only the Uncle Zhong who held the balance reverses the common view - all say Qi's hegemony lay in Guan Zhong (the Duke honored him as Uncle Zhong) holding the balance; Fangping says not only so. The second line adds the advantage of the land: the strategic site of Linzi has of itself always helped make it a strong hegemon. The two lines condense the earlier history of opening the realm at Panxi and of sacrifices and spears into a historical view that weighs hero and strategic site together. What is more to taste is the two words not only, neither wholly belittling the Uncle nor boasting only of the land, the argument held even. The seven-character closing weighs most on gathering; this closes in reason yet is not dry, exactly the Song delight of leading history through argument, and secretly holds Fangping's urging to the age of guarding in the four borders and relying both on the strategic site and on heroes.

Study

Word focus

磻溪 'Pan Creek' is a stream where Jiang Tai Gong fished and met King Wen, later standing for a worthy's rise and a hegemony's founding; Fangping places it at Linzi's beginning, making Qi's source the sage-king encounter at the creek, elegant and hinting at destiny. The wit lies in 'cast line' and 'opened the realm' linked in cause-effect: fishing is hidden, the realm is manifest, fitting the traditional tale of hegemony 'rising from the weir and creek.' Song meditation-on-the-past likes to open with sage relics; this 'Pan Creek' both fits Linzi's geography (Tai Gong enfeoffed in Qi) and secretly launches the 'man of talent – stronghold' thread (Tai Gong and Guan Zhong both Qi's aids), the two characters already planting the whole poem's thesis. 「磻溪投钓此开疆」之「磻溪」，水名，姜太公垂钓遇文王处，后因以代指贤臣起蛰、霸业肇基。方平以此二字冠临淄之始，把「齐」的源头坐实为太公钓渭的圣王之遇，比直说「太公封齐」典雅且含天命象。此词之妙在「投钓」与「开疆」的因果连写：钓是隐，疆是显，由隐而显，正合霸业「起于版筑钓滨」的传统叙事。宋人怀古好以圣王遗迹起兴，方平此用「磻溪」既切临淄地理（太公封于齐），又暗启尾联「仲父」的人杰之链（太公—管仲皆齐之辅），二字之中已伏全诗「人杰—形胜」的论点。

形胜 'Natural stronghold' (xing sheng) means advantageous terrain, a common term in Northern Song geography learning; Fangping uses it to close the poem, returning to the historical insight that geography aids hegemony, set against the man of talent 'Second Father' in a 'not only... but also' balanced structure. The weight lies in the 'ever' (zi lai) — stronghold's aid to hegemony is not chance but inherent, writing one side of geographic determinism. It echoes the opening 'ten thousand folds of green' empty-hill stronghold, the structure rising from scene (stronghold) and closing in argument (stronghold), round. Song meditation-on-the-past prizes 'situation'; Fangping's 'natural stronghold' exactly shows his history-through-geography learning, the two characters gathering the whole poem's purport. 「形胜由来自霸强」之「形胜」，谓地理险要、山川便利，北宋地理学常用语（如《读史方舆纪要》之前源）。方平以此二字收全诗，归到「地利助霸」的史识，与「仲父」的人杰对举，构成「不惟…自有…」的并重结构。此词之重在一「自」字——形胜之助霸非偶然而本然，写出地理决定论的史观一面。与起联「万叠苍」的空山形胜遥应，章法由景（形胜）起、以论（形胜）收，首尾回环。宋人怀古重「势」，方平此用「形胜」正见其以地理论史的学风，二字摄尽全诗归旨。