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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

送李中丞归汉阳别业

Seeing Off Censor-in-Chief Li as He Returns to His Hanyang Estate

刘长卿

Liu Changqing

流落征南将，曾驱十万师。
罢归无旧业，老去恋明时。
独立三边静，轻生一剑知。
茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之。

A general of the southern campaign, fallen on hard times,
who once drove a hundred thousand men before him.
Dismissed, he returns with no old estate to his name;
old now, he still longs for this enlightened age.
He stood alone — and the three frontiers fell quiet;
he held life cheap — only his sword ever knew.
Vast, vast the rivers Jiang and Han;
at sunset, where is he going?

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Meaning

The poem sees off Li, the Censor-in-Chief and once a general of the southern campaign, as he returns dismissed to his estate at Hanyang. Liu Changqing praises his past glories — commanding a hundred thousand men, standing alone till the three frontiers fell quiet — and mourns his present: dismissed without an estate to his name, old, still loyal to the court that discarded him. The poem closes on the vast Jiang-Han rivers at sunset and the unanswered question of where the old man can go — heroic sorrow for a loyal soldier thrown aside.

你这流落不遇的征南将军，当年曾统率十万大军。如今罢官归来，家无旧业，年老之际，仍眷恋着圣明之时。当年你独立一方，三边因而安定；你轻身许国，这份忠心唯有随身佩剑知道。茫茫的江汉之上，日暮时分，你又将往哪里去呢？

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] Before the poet stands a general fallen on hard times, who once drove a hundred thousand men. Dismissed, he returns home with no old estate to his name; old now, he still loves the enlightened age that let him go. Once he stood alone and the three frontiers fell quiet; once he held life cheap for the dynasty — and only his sword ever knew it. Now the rivers Jiang and Han stretch vast before him, the sun is setting — where is he to go? [Structure] Eight lines in the regulated form, four movements: the opening couplet sets present against past in one stroke — 'fallen' against 'once drove a hundred thousand'; the second couplet turns to his dismissed poverty and stubborn loyalty; the third, the poem's summit, praises the old general's merit and devotion; the closing couplet dissolves into landscape and a question. Past and present, merit and dismissal, sound and silence — the poem's power is in its contrasts. [Imagery] A hundred thousand men, the quiet frontiers, the lone sword, the vast rivers, the setting sun — the scale shrinks from armies to a single sword, then opens again to rivers at sunset. The old general's whole life is gathered into two images: the frontiers he pacified, and the sword that alone knew his heart.

【白话串讲】刘长卿写《送李中丞归汉阳别业》：“流落征南将，曾驱十万师”——“罢归无旧业，老去恋明时”——“独立三边静，轻生一剑知”——“茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之”——他送李中丞——曾驱十万师。【意象与手法】曾驱十万师、独立三边静、轻生一剑知，写老将当年之功业；流落征南将、罢归无旧业、老去恋明时，写老将今日之凄凉；结以“茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之”以苍茫之景写其晚境之无归。于雄浑中见悲凉。【情感与主旨】刘长卿送别老将李中丞之作，既赞其当年之雄略，亦叹其今日之落魄，是唐人送别诗中的名篇。【名句点睛】常考“罢归无旧业，老去恋明时”写老将之凄凉；“独立三边静，轻生一剑知”写老将当年之功业。

Background

Liu Changqing (c. 726–c. 786), courtesy name Wenfang, from Hejian, was the leading five-syllable poet of the Mid Tang, praised as the 'Great Wall of five-syllable poetry.' This five-syllable regulated verse sees off Li, a Censor-in-Chief who had served as a general in the southern campaign and, dismissed, was returning to his estate at Hanyang (near modern Wuhan). After the An Lushan Rebellion the dynasty declined; many meritorious generals were discarded through court intrigue or old age and ended their lives in exile and poverty. Liu Changqing, himself repeatedly demoted, wrote this poem as both a salute to the old general's merit and an elegy for a dynasty that wastes its loyal men — one of the great farewell poems of the Mid Tang.

《送李中丞归汉阳别业》为中唐诗人刘长卿所作五言律诗。李中丞即李姓御史中丞，曾任征南将军。中丞为御史台长官之一。此诗送李中丞罢官归汉阳（今湖北武汉汉阳一带）的别业（田庄）。诗中「流落征南将，曾驱十万师」写其当年之雄略与今日之流落；「罢归无旧业，老去恋明时」写其罢官归来、家无旧业、老而恋阙；「独立三边静，轻生一剑知」赞其当年镇守三边之功与轻身许国之忠；「茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之」写其归处之苍茫与晚境之无归。安史之乱后，唐王朝由盛转衰，许多有战功的将领或因朝局倾轧、或因年老被弃，流落江湖，晚景凄凉。刘长卿此诗正是以送老将归乡为背景，既赞其当年之功业，亦叹其今日之落魄，于雄浑中见悲凉，是中唐送别诗中的名篇，也是刘长卿「五言长城」风格的典型体现。此篇《送李中丞归汉阳别业》在历代选本中多被收录，其艺术价值与流传之广，正可见此诗在同类题材中的重要地位。诗人以匠心独运之笔写寻常之情事，遂使此作历千载而犹有生气，为后人所称赏不绝。

Art

The poem's art lies in 'present and past in contrast, heroic in sound, mournful in mood.' The opening couplet does in ten characters what a whole poem might: 'a general of the southern campaign, fallen on hard times' against 'who once drove a hundred thousand men' — collapse against glory, and the reader's sympathy is engaged at once. The second couplet balances his poverty ('no old estate to his name') against his loyalty ('still longs for this enlightened age'), and it is precisely this combination — poor and loyal — that deepens the pathos. The third couplet, the poem's summit, compresses a career into two images: 'he stood alone — and the three frontiers fell quiet' is the merit; 'he held life cheap — only his sword ever knew' is the devotion, and 'only the sword knew' implies that no one else did. The closing couplet dissolves everything into 'vast, vast the rivers Jiang and Han; at sunset, where is he going?' — landscape plus an unanswerable question, and the poem ends in boundless silence.

此诗艺术上以「今昔对照、雄浑悲凉」见长。全诗八句，前四句写老将今日之流落，后四句写其当年之功业与归处之苍茫。首联「流落征南将，曾驱十万师」以今昔对照起笔：流落不遇的征南将军，当年曾统率十万大军，「流落」写其今日之况，「曾驱十万师」写其当年之盛，一今一昔，对照鲜明。颔联「罢归无旧业，老去恋明时」写其罢归之凄凉：罢官归来，家无旧业；年老之际，仍眷恋圣明之时，「无旧业」写其家计之清贫，「恋明时」写其忠君恋阙之情。颈联「独立三边静，轻生一剑知」赞其当年之功业：当年独立一方，三边因而安定；轻身许国，这份忠心唯有随身佩剑知道，「独立三边静」写其镇守之功，「轻生一剑知」写其许国之忠。尾联「茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之」写其归处之苍茫：茫茫的江汉之上，日暮时分，你又将往哪里去呢，「茫茫」「日暮」写尽苍茫之景，「欲何之」以问句写其晚境之无归。全诗由流落而感慨、由感慨而赞功、由赞功而叹归，今昔对照，雄浑悲凉，是中唐送别诗中的名篇。

Allusions

The 'three frontiers' originally named the three northern prefectures of You, Bing, and Liang, and came to mean the border regions generally; 'the three frontiers fell quiet' says the old general held the frontier alone and kept it at peace. The 'sword' is the soldier's emblem of both merit and loyalty, and 'only his sword ever knew' means his devotion was understood by no one but his own weapon — the finest, bitterest stroke in the poem, praising his service while exposing the court's ingratitude. The 'enlightened age' is the conventional name for a sage sovereign's reign; that a discarded old general still 'longs for' it shows loyalty unshaken by injury. The 'rivers Jiang and Han' name the region of his return to Hanyang. None of these are scholarly display; each is the standard coinage of border and farewell verse, fused here into a single mournful life.

诗中「三边」「一剑」等语，皆含典制故实。「三边」本指幽州、并州、凉州三州，泛指北方边境，后世以「三边」指边地，「独立三边静」写老将当年独镇边地、使三边安定，语含雄略。「轻生一剑知」以「一剑」写老将之佩剑，暗含「剑」为军人功业与忠心的象征，唯剑知心，写其轻身许国而无人知赏之悲。「明时」指圣明之世，写老将年老而仍眷恋盛世、心系朝廷。「江汉」指长江、汉水流域，即其归地汉阳一带，「茫茫江汉上」写归地之苍茫辽阔。诗人以三边、一剑、明时、江汉等典制故实入诗，不着痕迹，而把老将当年之功业与今日之流落写得真切可感，是善于熔铸故实以写身世的体现。此等用典之法，熔铸古今而不着痕迹，既不炫博以示学，亦不拘泥于旧解，正见诗人学养之深与运思之巧。读者于此等处尤当细心玩味，方能领会其言外之旨与味外之味。此等用典之法，熔铸古今而不着痕迹，既不炫博以示学，亦不拘泥于旧解，正见诗人学养之深与运思之巧。读者于此等处尤当细心玩味，方能领会其言外之旨与味外之味。

Commentary

This poem, 'Seeing Off Censor-in-Chief Li as He Returns to His Hanyang Estate,' sees off a once-great general returning in disgrace, praising his past glory and mourning his present ruin, heroic in sound and mournful in mood. The opening couplet sets present against past: before the poet stands a general fallen on hard times, who once drove a hundred thousand men. 'Fallen' measures the whole of his present desolation; 'once drove a hundred thousand men' measures the whole of his past glory — one present, one past, and the reader's heart is wrung at the first line. The second couplet writes his dismissed poverty: he returns with no old estate to his name, and old now still longs for the enlightened age — honest in office and loyal to the end, yet dismissed and cast adift, which deepens the injustice. The third couplet praises his merit: he stood alone and the three frontiers fell quiet; he held life cheap and only his sword ever knew — the merit and the devotion, with 'only the sword knew' quietly grieving that no one else recognized it. The closing couplet dissolves into 'vast, vast the rivers Jiang and Han; at sunset, where is he going?' — landscape and an unanswerable question, ending a heroic life in boundless silence. One of the great farewell poems of the Mid Tang, it is the model of Liu Changqing's 'Great Wall of five-syllable poetry' style.

这首《送李中丞归汉阳别业》，写的是送别一位流落的老将军，既赞其当年之雄略，亦叹其今日之落魄，于雄浑中见悲凉。首联「流落征南将，曾驱十万师」，以今昔对照起笔：眼前是流落不遇的征南将军，当年却曾统率十万大军。「流落」二字，写尽老将今日之凄凉落魄；「曾驱十万师」，写尽当年之叱咤风云。一今一昔，对照鲜明，起笔便令人心酸——当年统十万雄师的将军，今日何以流落至此？颔联「罢归无旧业，老去恋明时」，写其罢归之凄凉：罢官归来，家无旧业，家计清贫；年老之际，仍眷恋圣明之时，一片忠心。「无旧业」写其两袖清风，「恋明时」写其忠君恋阙，清廉而忠心，却落得罢归流落，愈见其悲。颈联「独立三边静，轻生一剑知」，赞其当年之功业：当年独立一方，三边因而安定；轻身许国，这份忠心唯有随身佩剑知道。「独立三边静」，写其镇守边地之功；「轻生一剑知」，写其许国之忠——唯剑知心，言下之意，是这忠心无人知赏，功业无人记取，暗含对朝廷弃将的微讽。尾联「茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之」，写其归处之苍茫：茫茫的江汉之上，日暮时分，你又将往哪里去呢？「茫茫」「日暮」，写尽苍茫悲凉之景；「欲何之」的一问，问得苍凉而茫然——老将军归乡，却不知何处是归宿。全诗由流落而感慨、由感慨而赞功、由赞功而叹归，今昔对照，雄浑悲凉，正是中唐诗人于送别中写尽功高而弃的老将之悲的典范，读之令人动容。

Prosody

Form Five-syllable regulated verse (wulü) — recent-style verse, oblique-opening pattern五言律诗（近体，仄起式）

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level-tone zhi group: 'shi,' 'shi,' 'zhi' and 'zhi' — one rhyme to the end. The level-tone rhyme gives the verse a broad, weighty cadence suited to an old general's elegy; the closing rhyme 'zhi' lands on the poem's final question, so the sound itself trails off into the unanswered 'where is he going?'全诗押平声韵「师」「时」「知」「之」，韵脚同属支齐类（师、时、知、之），一韵到底，韵部宽舒而音调沉挚。五律以平韵谐畅为常，此诗「师」「时」「知」「之」四韵音色浑厚，正与送别老将的沉挚情调相称；「之」字收束全篇，与「日暮欲何之」之问相映，韵脚亦含苍茫之意，声情与辞情相凑。

Tone pattern The eight lines follow the regulated alternation of level and oblique tones. The opening couplet is heavy and broken — 'fallen' against 'once drove' — the cadence of rise and collapse; the second couplet is even and restrained, matching its balanced complaint; the third couplet is broad and resonant, the poem's heroic summit; the closing couplet opens out into a level-tone ending on the question, the rhythm widening into space as the poem moves from armies to rivers and sunset.句式上，首联「流落征南将，曾驱十万师」仄起，以「将」「师」收句，写今昔对照，音节顿挫；颔联「罢归无旧业，老去恋明时」对仗工整，「罢归」「老去」「无旧业」「恋明时」相映，写罢归之凄凉，音节沉郁；颈联「独立三边静，轻生一剑知」写当年之功业，音节雄浑；尾联「茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之」以「之」字平收，以问作结，音节转舒，情调由雄浑归于苍茫。全诗平仄相间、音节随情起伏，读来如送老将归乡、怅望江汉之音，雄浑而悲凉。

Reading note This five-syllable regulated verse is a celebrated Mid Tang farewell poem and a prime example of Liu Changqing's 'Great Wall of five-syllable poetry' style. Its art lies in 'present and past in contrast, heroic in sound, mournful in mood': the opening couplet sets collapse against glory; the second joins poverty to loyalty; the third, the summit, compresses a career into the quieted frontiers and the knowing sword; the closing couplet dissolves all into the vast rivers and a question. Most moving is 'he held life cheap — only his sword ever knew,' which praises devotion and mourns its neglect at once, and the close, 'vast, vast the rivers Jiang and Han; at sunset, where is he going?', which ends a heroic life in boundless silence. The poem has been anthologized for centuries as the model of the Mid Tang farewell.此诗为五言律诗，是中唐送别诗中的名篇，也是刘长卿「五言长城」风格的典型体现。全诗的艺术特色在于「今昔对照、雄浑悲凉」：首联「流落征南将，曾驱十万师」以今昔对照起笔，一盛一衰，起笔即定悲凉之调；颔联「罢归无旧业，老去恋明时」写老将罢归之凄凉，见其清廉与忠心；颈联「独立三边静，轻生一剑知」赞其当年镇守三边之功与轻身许国之忠，「一剑知」暗含不被知赏之悲；尾联「茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之」以苍茫之景写其晚境之无归，以问作结。全诗由流落而感慨、由感慨而赞功、由赞功而叹归，章法井然，雄浑悲凉。尤为动人者，是「独立三边静，轻生一剑知」一联，写尽老将当年之雄略与忠勇，而「茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之」一结，把功高被弃、晚境无归的悲凉写得含蓄深远，正是中唐诗人于送别中写老将之悲的典范，为历代选本所常收。

Line by line

流落征南将，曾驱十万师。

A general of the southern campaign, fallen on hard times, who once drove a hundred thousand men before him.

你这流落不遇的征南将军，当年曾统率十万大军。

A fallen general who campaigned in the south; once he led a hundred thousand troops.

首联以今昔对照起笔，是全诗悲凉之调的起点。「流落征南将」写眼前这位流落不遇的征南将军，「流落」二字，写尽老将今日之凄凉落魄、漂泊无依；「曾驱十万师」写其当年曾统率十万大军，「曾驱」见其当年之威赫，「十万师」见其当年之势盛。两句一今一昔，以「流落」与「曾驱十万师」相对照，当年统十万雄师的将军，今日何以流落至此？一盛一衰，对照鲜明，起笔便令人心酸，也为全诗定下了雄浑悲凉的基调。

The opening couplet opens in the contrast of now and then, the start of the poem's desolate tone. 'A fallen general who campaigned in the south' — the before-the-eyes fallen, thwarted general of the southern campaign; the word 'fallen' writes to the full the old general's present desolation and drifting, no support; 'once he led a hundred thousand troops' — 'once led' his former might, 'a hundred thousand troops' his former power. Two lines, one now one then, 'fallen' set against 'once led a hundred thousand troops' — the general who once led a hundred thousand, how has he fallen to this? One rise one fall, the contrast sharp, the opening heart-rending, tuning the poem's grand and desolate keynote.

罢归无旧业，老去恋明时。

Dismissed, he returns with no old estate to his name; old now, he still longs for this enlightened age.

如今罢官归来，家无旧业；年老之际，仍眷恋着圣明之时。

Retired and returned, no patrimony; old and aged, still he loves the enlightened age.

颔联写老将罢归之凄凉，见其清廉与忠心。「罢归无旧业」写罢官归来，家无旧业，「无旧业」见其为官清贫、两袖清风，罢归之后，家无积蓄，愈见其清介；「老去恋明时」写年老之际，仍眷恋圣明之时，「恋明时」见其忠君恋阙、心系朝廷，虽被弃置而忠心不改。两句一写家计之清贫、一写忠君之深情，清贫而忠心，却落得罢归流落，愈见其悲。诗人不直写朝廷弃将之不平，而以此清贫忠心写之，含蓄蕴藉，暗含微讽，是五律中「以品写悲」的妙笔。

The neck couplet writes the old general's retirement's desolation, showing his integrity and loyalty. 'Retired and returned, no patrimony' — retired from office, returned home, no patrimony; 'no patrimony' his official poverty, sleeves clean of gain, after the retirement no savings, the more his clean integrity. 'Old and aged, still he loves the enlightened age' — in his age, still loving the enlightened times; 'loves the enlightened age' his loyal heart for the prince and the court, though cast aside, his loyalty unaltered. Two lines, one the household's poverty, one the loyal heart's depth, poor and loyal, and yet retired and fallen, the more the grief. The poet writes not directly the court's injustice in casting aside the general, but through this poverty and loyalty, restrained and lasting, holding a quiet satire, the fine stroke of the five-word regulated verse's 'writing grief through character'.

独立三边静，轻生一剑知。

He stood alone — and the three frontiers fell quiet; he held life cheap — only his sword ever knew.

当年你独立一方，三边因而安定；你轻身许国，这份忠心唯有随身佩剑知道。

Alone he stood, and the three borders were still; his light body pledged to the state, only his sword knows.

颈联赞老将当年之功业，是全诗最见雄浑处。「独立三边静」写当年独立一方，镇守边地，三边因而安定，「独立」写其独当一面的雄略，「三边静」写其镇守之功；「轻生一剑知」写其轻身许国，这份忠心唯有随身佩剑知道，「轻生」写其不惧生死、以身许国，「一剑知」写其忠心唯剑知之——言下之意，是这份忠心无人知赏、功业无人记取。两句一写功、一写忠，写尽老将当年之雄略与忠勇，而「一剑知」三字，于雄浑之中暗含不被知赏的悲凉，为尾联的苍茫作了铺垫，是「于雄浑中见悲凉」的典范之笔。

The following couplet praises the old general's former achievement, the most grand part of the poem. 'Alone he stood, and the three borders were still' — once standing alone, guarding the border, the three borders at peace; 'alone he stood' his strategy of holding one front, 'the three borders were still' his guarding's merit. 'His light body pledged to the state, only his sword knows' — his life lightly pledged to the state, and this loyalty only the sword at his side knows; 'light body' his fearlessness of death, pledging himself to the state, 'only his sword knows' the meaning between the lines: this loyalty no one knows or prizes, this achievement no one records. Two lines, one achievement one loyalty, writing to the full the old general's former strategy and loyal courage, and the three words 'only his sword knows', within the grandeur, secretly hold the desolation of the unrecognized, the groundwork for the closing vastness, the model stroke of 'the desolation within the grandeur'.

茫茫江汉上，日暮欲何之。

Vast, vast the rivers Jiang and Han; at sunset, where is he going?

茫茫的江汉之上，日暮时分，你又将往哪里去呢？

On the vast Han and Mian waters, at dusk, where will you go?

尾联写老将归处之苍茫，是全诗情感的高潮。「茫茫江汉上」写茫茫的江汉之上，「茫茫」写江汉之辽阔苍茫，亦暗含老将前途之渺茫，「江汉」即其归地汉阳一带；「日暮欲何之」写日暮时分，你又将往哪里去，「日暮」写时之将晚，亦暗含老将年暮之悲，「欲何之」以问句写其晚境之无归——归乡之后，又将何以为生？何以为终？两句以苍茫之景写其晚境之无归，融情入景，悲凉无尽，以问句作结，含蓄深远，是全诗境界最高的收束之笔。

The closing couplet writes the vastness of the old general's returning, the emotional climax of the poem. 'On the vast Han and Mian waters' — 'vast' the Han and Mian's boundless vastness, secretly the old general's vague future; 'the Han and Mian' his returning place, the Hanyang region. 'At dusk, where will you go?' — at the dusk, where will you go; 'dusk' the hour's late, secretly the old general's age grief, 'where will you go?' the question writing the late years' no home — after returning home, how to live? how to end? Two lines, writing the late years' no home through the vast scene, feeling fused into scene, the grief endless, closing in question, restrained and far-reaching, the highest-realm close of the poem.

Study

Word focus

流落 'Liu luo,' to fall adrift and sink — 'liu' is rootless wandering, 'luo' is withering away. Set against 'once drove a hundred thousand men,' the two low, dragging syllables measure the whole distance between the general's past glory and his present ruin. 「流落」写老将今日之漂泊无依、落魄凄凉，「流」见其漂泊不定，「落」见其零落失意。首联「流落征南将」着一「流落」，与「曾驱十万师」之昔盛相对照，写尽老将由盛而衰的凄凉。两字音调低回，写尽功高而弃的老将之悲，是首联定调的点睛之词。「流落」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。

恋 'Lian,' to long for — in 'old now, he still longs for this enlightened age,' it shows a heart that keeps faith with the dynasty even after being discarded. One syllable carries a lifetime of loyalty, and its very excess deepens the tragedy: the court has forgotten him, and he still loves it. 「恋」字写老将年老而仍眷恋圣明之时，「老去恋明时」着一「恋」，写其忠君恋阙、心系朝廷之情——虽被朝廷弃置，而忠心不改，眷恋不已。着一「恋」字，写尽老将的一片愚忠与深情，愈见其悲；亦暗含对弃将之朝廷的微讽，含蓄蕴藉，是「以一字写尽忠心」的妙笔。「恋」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。

轻生 'Qing sheng,' to hold life cheap — 'qing' makes death a small thing. The words record a soldier's courage, his willingness to die for the state; followed by 'only his sword ever knew,' courage turns to grief, for the devotion was witnessed by no one. 「轻生」写老将不惧生死、以身许国，「轻」字见其视死如归、不以死生为念。「轻生一剑知」着一「轻生」，写其为国轻身、置生死于度外，正是军人最可贵的忠勇；而「一剑知」更写其忠心唯剑知之，无人知赏。两字写尽老将当年之忠勇与今日之不被知赏，雄浑之中暗含悲凉，是颈联的关键词。「轻生」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。

欲何之 'Yu he zhi,' 'where is he going?' — 'zhi' is to go toward a place. As the poem's ending, the question has no answer: home is an estate he no longer owns, the road ends at Hanyang, and old age has nowhere further to go. The question is the poem's deepest sorrow. 「欲何之」即将往哪里去，以问句写老将晚境之无归。「日暮欲何之」着一「何之」，写归乡之后，又将何以为生、何以为终，前途渺茫、无所适从。三字以问句出之，问得苍凉而茫然，把老将功成被弃、晚境无归的悲凉写得含蓄深远，是全诗以问作结的点睛之笔。「欲何之」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。