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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

再经胡城县

Passing by the Hu-cheng County Again

杜荀鹤

Du Xunhe

去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声。
今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成。

Last year, once, passing through this county town,
The people of the county, not a mouth, without the sound of the grievance.
This time, the magistrate, adding the crimson cord,
It is, the blood of the living, dyed into.
Listen

Meaning

A poem of the grievance of the people and the satire, written by Du Xunhe. Last year, once, passing through this county town — the people of the county, not a mouth, without the sound of the grievance — the pass of the last year and the grievance of the people. This time, the magistrate, adding the crimson cord — it is, the blood of the living, dyed into — the crimson cord of the magistrate and the blood of the close. The poem is the grievance and the satire: the grievance of the people, the promotion of the magistrate, and the close's blood dyed into the cord.

去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声。今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] Last year, once, passing through this county town, the people of the county, not a mouth, without the sound of the grievance. This time, the magistrate, adding the crimson cord, it is, the blood of the living, dyed into. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the pass of the last year and the grievance of the people, through the pass of this time, to the close's crimson cord of the magistrate dyed into the blood. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the satire of the close: the grievance of the people against the promotion of the magistrate, and the close's crimson cord dyed into the blood of the living — the satire gathered in the contrast and the close. [Emotional Tone] Indignant, sarcastic, and sorrowful: the poem is the grievance of the people, the promotion of the magistrate and the close's blood.

【白话串讲】 杜荀鹤写《再经胡城县》：“去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声”——“今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成”——他再经胡城县——便是生灵血染成。 【意象与手法】 “去岁曾经此县城、县民无口不冤声”写县民冤声；结以“今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成”以朱绂血染写讽刺。沉郁深刻。 【情感与主旨】 杜荀鹤写再经胡城县之作，写县民冤声与县宰加朱绂便是生灵血染成的讽刺，是讽喻诗中的名篇。 【名句点睛】 常考“去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声”写县民冤声；“今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成”写讽刺。

Background

Du Xunhe (846–904), the poet of the late Tang, wrote this 'Passing by the Hu-cheng County Again' of the grievance of the people — the satire of the magistrate. The grievance of the people with not a mouth without the sound of the grievance, and the close's magistrate adding the crimson cord dyed into the blood of the living — the poem gathers the grievance of the people, the satire of the promotion. The poem is one of the famous satirical works of the poet.

《再经胡城县》为唐代诗人杜荀鹤所作诗。杜荀鹤（约846—约904），字彦之，号九华山人，池州石埭（今安徽石台）人，唐代诗人。此诗写讽喻感怀，为再经胡城县之作。诗中「去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声」写去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声；「今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成」写今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成。杜荀鹤此诗以讽喻感怀、便是生灵血染成写其感怀之情，沉郁深刻，是杜荀鹤诗中的名篇。此篇《再经胡城县》在历代选本中多被收录，其艺术价值与流传之广，正可见此诗在同类题材中的重要地位。诗人以匠心独运之笔写寻常之情事，遂使此作历千载而犹有生气，为后人所称赏不绝。此篇《再经胡城县》在历代选本中多被收录，其艺术价值与流传之广，正可见此诗在同类题材中的重要地位。诗人以匠心独运之笔写寻常之情事，遂使此作历千载而犹有生气，为后人所称赏不绝。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the satire. The pass opens: last year, once, passing through this county town — the pass of the last year; the people of the county, not a mouth, without the sound of the grievance — the grievance of the people. The contrast follows: this time, the magistrate, adding the crimson cord — the promotion of the magistrate. And the close gathers the blood: it is, the blood of the living, dyed into — the crimson cord dyed into the blood — the grievance of the people, the promotion of the magistrate and the close's blood, gathered in the poem.

此诗艺术上以「沉郁深刻、以讽写情」见长。全诗共四句，由去岁曾经此县城而县民无口不冤声而今来县宰加朱绂。起「去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声」写去岁曾经此县城：去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声；「今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成」写今来县宰加朱绂：今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成。全诗以讽写情，由去岁曾经此县城而便是生灵血染成，沉郁深刻，是杜荀鹤诗中的名篇。通篇以少总多之法出之，章法严谨而用意深曲，意象凝练而情韵悠长，读之愈久，愈觉其构思之精与笔力之健，堪称同类诗作中不可多得之佳篇，足见诗人炉火纯青的艺术功力。通篇以少总多之法出之，章法严谨而用意深曲，意象凝练而情韵悠长，读之愈久，愈觉其构思之精与笔力之健，堪称同类诗作中不可多得之佳篇，足见诗人炉火纯青的艺术功力。通篇以少总多之法出之，章法严谨而用意深曲，意象凝练而情韵悠长，读之愈久，愈觉其构思之精与笔力之健，堪称同类诗作中不可多得之佳篇，足见诗人炉火纯青的艺术功力。

Allusions

'The county town' (xian cheng) is the county town — the town of the Hu-cheng; 'the grievance' (yuan sheng) is the sound of the grievance — the grievance of the people; 'the crimson cord' (zhu fu) is the crimson cord — the crimson cord of the rank, the promotion of the magistrate; 'the living' (sheng ling) are the living — the living of the people, the blood of the close.

诗中「去岁曾经此县城县民无口不冤声」「今来县宰加朱绂便是生灵血染成」等语，皆含典故故实。「去岁曾经此县城县民无口不冤声」写去岁曾经此县城县民无口不冤声；「今来县宰加朱绂便是生灵血染成」用朱绂之典（朱绂为红色系印之带），写今来县宰加朱绂便是生灵血染成。诗人以朱绂等语入诗，不着痕迹，而把讽喻感怀之情写得真切可感，是善于熔铸典故的体现。此等用典之法，熔铸古今而不着痕迹，既不炫博以示学，亦不拘泥于旧解，正见诗人学养之深与运思之巧。读者于此等处尤当细心玩味，方能领会其言外之旨与味外之味。此等用典之法，熔铸古今而不着痕迹，既不炫博以示学，亦不拘泥于旧解，正见诗人学养之深与运思之巧。读者于此等处尤当细心玩味，方能领会其言外之旨与味外之味。此等用典之法，熔铸古今而不着痕迹，既不炫博以示学，亦不拘泥于旧解，正见诗人学养之深与运思之巧。读者于此等处尤当细心玩味，方能领会其言外之旨与味外之味。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous satirical works of Du Xunhe, quoted for the contrast of its close. The grievance of the people, and the crimson cord dyed into the blood, are among the admired images of the poet's satires. Critics praise the poem's indignation: the grievance gathered in the contrast of the two passes, to the close's blood.

这首《再经胡城县》，是杜荀鹤写讽喻感怀之作，写去岁曾经此县城、县民无口不冤声、便是生灵血染成之情，沉郁深刻。起「去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声」——去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声。写去岁曾经此县城：去岁曾经此县城、县民无口不冤声——去岁曾经此城、无口不冤声；「今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成」——今来县宰加朱绂（用朱绂之典），便是生灵血染成。写今来县宰加朱绂：今来县宰加朱绂、便是生灵血染成——县宰加朱绂、生灵血染成。这「今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成」，是全诗之结：以便是生灵血染成写其感怀。全诗沉郁深刻，以讽写情，正是杜荀鹤诗中的名篇。综观全诗，情真、景切、理深，三者浑融无迹，故能于短短数语之中寄无限深意，令人百读不厌。其含蓄蕴藉之处，正是中国古典诗歌以少总多、言有尽而意无穷的美学精神的生动体现。综观全诗，情真、景切、理深，三者浑融无迹，故能于短短数语之中寄无限深意，令人百读不厌。其含蓄蕴藉之处，正是中国古典诗歌以少总多、言有尽而意无穷的美学精神的生动体现。

Prosody

Form A regulated seven-character poem of the satire诗（七言绝句）
Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level-tone sheng and cheng of the group — the even, level rhyme that carries the indignant satire.此诗为七言绝句，共四句，两句一联。押平声韵：「城」「声」「成」押庚青部韵。诗体依绝句而定，句式整齐，音节随情起伏，正与写讽喻感怀的沉郁深刻相称，也见其以绝句写讽喻的自然。
Tone pattern The cadence is that of the satire: the level opening with the grievance, the turning with the promotion, and the close's fall with the blood dyed into the cord.句式上，「去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声」写去岁曾经此县城，音节沉郁；「今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成」写今来县宰加朱绂，音节深刻。全诗音节随情起伏，由沉郁而深刻，正合绝句「含蓄」之妙，读来如讽喻感怀、便是生灵血染成之音，沉郁而动人。
Reading note The poem's sound matches its indignation: the even, level rhymes carry the cadence of the grievance, and the close — 'bian shi sheng ling xue ran cheng' — falls with the blood, the sound of the satire of the poet.此诗为七言绝句，是杜荀鹤写讽喻感怀之作，也是其诗中的名篇。全诗的艺术特色在于「沉郁深刻、以讽写情」：「去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声」写去岁曾经此县城、「今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成」写今来县宰加朱绂。全诗沉郁深刻，以讽写情。尤为精妙者，是「今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成」用朱绂之典；而「县民无口不冤声」写尽冤声之惨，正是杜荀鹤诗「沉郁深刻」的典范，为历代选本所常收。《再经胡城县》一诗之所以读来声情并茂，正在于诗人以声韵配合情思、以节奏烘托意境，音节之长短、平仄之起伏，皆与诗意相为表里，此亦可见中国古典诗歌声律之美与匠心之工。

Line by line

去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声。

Last year, once, passing through this county town, the people of the county, not a mouth, without the sound of the grievance.

去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声。

Last year I passed this county town; no mouth of its people but cried injustice.

首二句写去岁曾经此县城，起笔即见其情。「去岁曾经此县城」写去岁曾经此县城，「去岁曾经」写去岁曾经、「此县城」写此县城；「县民无口不冤声」写县民无口不冤声，「县民无口」写县民无口、「不冤声」写不冤声。两句一写去岁曾经此县城、一写县民无口不冤声，以去岁曾经此县城写去岁曾经此城、以县民无口不冤声写无口不冤声，写尽去岁曾经此县城、县民无口不冤声之情。以史起兴，沉郁而深刻，是「以史起兴」的妙笔。

The opening two lines write last year I passed this county town, the feeling named at the first stroke. Last year I passed: the previous journey. This county town: Huicheng county. No mouth of its people but cried injustice: the people's universal complaint. One couplet writes last year's passing and the people's universal injustice - Du Xunhe's starting point for the second visit: the memory of last year's cries of wrong. The line opens with history as bi-xing, somber and deep: the people's injustice was already known last year.

今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成。

This time, the magistrate, adding the crimson cord, it is, the blood of the living, dyed into.

今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成。

Now I come again, the magistrate has been granted red sash; it is dyed, plainly, in the blood of the people.

尾二句写今来县宰加朱绂，是全诗立意的落点。「今来县宰加朱绂」用朱绂之典写今来县宰加朱绂，「今来县宰」写今来县宰、「加朱绂」写加朱绂；「便是生灵血染成」写便是生灵血染成，「便是生灵」写便是生灵、「血染成」写血染成。两句一写今来县宰加朱绂、一写便是生灵血染成，以今来县宰加朱绂写县宰加朱绂、以便是生灵血染成写生灵血染成，写尽今来县宰加朱绂、便是生灵血染成之情。以讽写情，沉郁而深刻，是全诗最动人处，也是「以讽写情」的点睛之笔。

The closing two lines write now I come again, the magistrate has been granted red sash, the poem's landing. Now I come again: this year's return. The magistrate has been granted red sash uses the red-sash allusion: the promotion. It is dyed, plainly, in the blood of the people: the blood-stained ribbon. One couplet writes the promoted magistrate and the people's blood - Du Xunhe's resolution: the very red of his honor is dyed in the people's blood. The line uses satire for feeling, somber and deep, the poem's most moving point: the official's advancement is built on the people's suffering.

Study

Word focus

去岁 'The last year' — the pass of the last year, the first time of the town. 「去岁」写去岁曾经此县城，是写去岁之态的关键。「去岁曾经此县城」着一「去岁」，写去岁——着一「去岁」，写去岁曾经此县城，见其岁之去。两字写尽去岁之态，是「以词写岁」的妙笔。「去岁」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。
冤声 'The sound of the grievance' — the grievance of the people, the sound of the injustice. 「冤声」写县民无口不冤声，是写冤声之态的关键。「县民无口不冤声」着一「冤声」，写冤声——着一「冤声」，写县民无口不冤声，见其声之冤。两字写尽冤声之态，是「以词写冤」的点睛之词。「冤声」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。
朱绂 'The crimson cord' — the cord of the rank, the promotion of the magistrate. 「朱绂」写今来县宰加朱绂，是写朱绂之态的关键。「今来县宰加朱绂」着一「朱绂」，写朱绂——着一「朱绂」，写今来县宰加朱绂，见其绂之朱。两字写尽朱绂之态，是「以词写绂」的点睛之词。「朱绂」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。
血染成 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「血染成」写便是生灵血染成，是写血染之态的关键。「便是生灵血染成」着一「血染成」，写血染成——着一「血染成」，写便是生灵血染成，见其血之染。三字写尽血染成之态，是「以词写血」的点睛之词。「血染成」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。

Related Reading

八声甘州·对潇潇暮雨洒江天 Eight Beats of Ganzhou: Facing the Evening Rain That Spatters the Long River 柳永 · 同写悲慨深挚、凝望天涯，一写误几回天际识归舟、一写县民无口不冤声，皆于悲慨之中见深挚 Both are the works of the sorrow and the looking — the looking of the tower of Liu Yong, the pass of the county of Du Xunhe — the two sorrows of the far.

Liu Yong's 'Eight Beats of Ganzhou' — 'the mistaken, how many times, the returning boat of the horizon' — is the sorrow of the looking; Du Xunhe's 'Passing by the Hu-cheng County Again' — 'the people of the county, not a mouth, without the sound of the grievance' — is the sorrow of the pass — the two sorrows, the one of the looking, the other of the pass.

柳永《八声甘州·对潇潇暮雨洒江天》「想佳人妆楼颙望，误几回、天际识归舟」，写悲慨深挚、凝望天涯，是宋词写羁旅的名篇；杜荀鹤《再经胡城县》则以「去岁曾经此县城，县民无口不冤声」「今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成」写无口不冤声、生灵血染成。两诗同写悲慨深挚、凝望天涯：一写误几回天际识归舟、以凝望写思归，一写县民无口不冤声、以冤声写悲慨；一为柳永之清丽、一为杜荀鹤之沉郁，并读正可见诗写「悲慨深挚」的两种笔法，皆于悲慨之中见深挚。

 水调歌头·明月几时有 Prelude to Water Melody: When Will the Bright Moon Appear 苏轼 · 同写感怀讽喻、超然旷达，一写人有悲欢离合、一写今来县宰加朱绂便是生灵血染成，皆于感怀之中见讽喻 Both are the works of the feeling and the change — the moon of the feeling of Su Shi, the blood of the county of Du Xunhe — the two feelings of the change.

Su Shi's 'Prelude to Water Melody' — 'the people have the sorrows and the joys, the partings and the meetings' — is the feeling of the change of the moon; Du Xunhe's 'Passing by the Hu-cheng County Again' — 'the blood of the living, dyed into' — is the feeling of the change of the county — the two feelings of the change, the one of the moon, the other of the blood.

苏轼《水调歌头·明月几时有》「人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺，此事古难全」，写感怀旷达，是宋词长调的名篇；杜荀鹤《再经胡城县》则以「今来县宰加朱绂，便是生灵血染成」「县民无口不冤声」写县宰加朱绂、无口不冤声。两诗同写感怀讽喻、超然旷达：一写人有悲欢离合、以悲欢写离合，一写今来县宰加朱绂便是生灵血染成、以朱绂写讽喻；一为苏轼之超然、一为杜荀鹤之沉郁，并读正可见诗写「感怀讽喻」的两种笔法，皆于感怀之中见讽喻。