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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

自河南经乱关内阻饥兄弟离散各在一处因望月有感聊书所怀寄上浮梁大兄於潜七兄乌江十五兄兼示符离及下邽弟妹

After, the, Rebellion, in, Henan, the, Famine, in, the, Pass, within, the, Brothers, Scattered, Each, in, a, Different, Place; Gazing, at, the, Moon, I, Am, Moved, and, Write, of, the, Feeling, to, Send, to, the, Elder, Brother, of, Fuliang, the, Seventh, Brother, of, Yiqian, the, Fifteenth, Brother, of, Wujiang, and, Also, to, Show, the, Brothers, and, the, Sisters, of, Fuli, and, Xiagui

白居易

Bai Juyi

时难年饥世业空弟兄羁旅各西东田园寥落干戈后骨肉流离道路中吊影分为千里鴈辞根散作九秋蓬共看明月应垂泪一夜乡心五处同

In, the, hard, times, the, famine, the, heritage, of, the, family, empty,
The, brothers, on, the, journeys, each, to, the, west, and, to, the, east.
The, fields, and, the, gardens, desolate, after, the, weapons, of, the, war,
The, flesh, and, the, blood, drifting, apart, in, the, middle, of, the, roads.
The, shadows, of, the, shadowed, divided, into, the, geese, of, the, thousand, miles,
The, roots, leaving, the, roots, scattered, as, the, tumbleweeds, of, the, nine, autumns.
Looking, together, at, the, bright, moon, we, should, shed, the, tears,
In, one, night, the, hearts, of, the, home, in, the, five, places, the, same.

Listen

Meaning

A poem of the separation and the longing, written by Bai Juyi. In the hard times the famine the heritage of the family empty, the brothers on the journeys each to the west and to the east — the separation of the opening. The fields and the gardens desolate after the weapons of the war, the flesh and the blood drifting apart in the middle of the roads — the desolation of the middle. The shadows of the shadowed divided into the geese of the thousand miles, the roots leaving the roots scattered as the tumbleweeds of the nine autumns — the scattering of the middle. And the close's looking together at the bright moon we should shed the tears, in one night the hearts of the home in the five places the same — the close's longing. The poem is the separation and the longing: the famine, the scattering, and the close's moon.

时难年饥，世业成空。弟兄羁旅，各在西东。田园寥落，干戈之后。骨肉流离，道路之中。吊影分为千里之鴈，辞根散作九秋之蓬。共看明月，应垂泪。一夜乡心，五处相同。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] In, the, hard, times, the, famine, the, heritage, of, the, family, empty, the, brothers, on, the, journeys, each, to, the, west, and, to, the, east. The, fields, and, the, gardens, desolate, after, the, weapons, of, the, war, the, flesh, and, the, blood, drifting, apart, in, the, middle, of, the, roads. The, shadows, of, the, shadowed, divided, into, the, geese, of, the, thousand, miles, the, roots, leaving, the, roots, scattered, as, the, tumbleweeds, of, the, nine, autumns. Looking, together, at, the, bright, moon, we, should, shed, the, tears, in, one, night, the, hearts, of, the, home, in, the, five, places, the, same. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the separation of the famine and the journeys, through the desolation of the war with the scattering of the geese and the tumbleweeds, to the close's the moon of the five places. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the moon: the shadows divided into the geese of the thousand miles, and the close's looking together at the bright moon we should shed the tears — the separation gathered in the scattering and the close's moon. [Emotional Tone] Sorrowful, desolate, and longing: the poem is the famine, the scattering and the close's moon.

【白话串讲】白居易写《自河南经乱关内阻饥兄弟离散各在一处因望月有感聊书所怀》：“时难年饥世业空，弟兄羁旅各西东”——“田园寥落干戈后，骨肉流离道路中”——“吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬”——“共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同”——他望月怀兄弟——一夜乡心五处同。【意象与手法】首联“时难年饥世业空，弟兄羁旅各西东”写时难年饥、弟兄西东；颔联“田园寥落干戈后，骨肉流离道路中”写田园寥落、骨肉流离；颈联“吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬”写吊影千里鴈、辞根九秋蓬；尾联“共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同”写共看明月、乡心五处同。沉痛深切。【情感与主旨】白居易写战乱中望月思亲的骨肉之情，是望月思亲诗的名篇。【名句点睛】常考“吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬”写弟兄离散；“共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同”写望月思亲。

Background

Bai Juyi (772-846), the great poet of the Tang, wrote this poem of the separation and the longing — the grief of the rebellion and the famine. The famine of the hard times with the journeys of the brothers, the scattering of the geese and the tumbleweeds, and the close's the moon of the five places — the poem gathers the sorrow of the poet, the longing of the separated family. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the longing.

此诗为中唐诗人白居易的《自河南经乱关内阻饥兄弟离散各在一处因望月有感聊书所怀寄上浮梁大兄於潜七兄乌江十五兄兼示符离及下邽弟妹》之作，是望月思亲诗的名篇。白居易（772—846），字乐天，号香山居士，下邽（今陕西渭南）人，中唐大诗人，新乐府运动的倡导者。此诗题记战乱：「自河南经乱」——河南一带经兵乱；「关内阻饥」——关内（关中）大旱阻饥；「兄弟离散各在一处」——兄弟离散，各在一处；「因望月有感」——因望月而感；「聊书所怀」——聊书所怀。全诗写战乱中望月思亲的骨肉之情：「时难年饥世业空」，写时难年饥，世业成空——时局艰难、年岁饥荒，家业成空；「弟兄羁旅各西东」，写弟兄羁旅，各在西东——兄弟羁旅在外，各散西东；「田园寥落干戈后」，写田园寥落，干戈之后——田园在战乱后寥落荒芜；「骨肉流离道路中」，写骨肉流离，道路之中——骨肉亲人流离于道路之中；「吊影分为千里鴈」，写吊影分为千里之鴈——如吊影之鴈，分为千里，用鴈行之典写兄弟离散；「辞根散作九秋蓬」，写辞根散作九秋之蓬——如辞根之蓬，散作九秋，用蓬之典写身世飘零；「共看明月应垂泪」，写共看明月，应垂泪——兄弟共看明月，应垂泪；「一夜乡心五处同」，写一夜乡心，五处相同——一夜的乡心，五处（五处兄弟）相同。全诗以望月写战乱中的思亲，那「吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬」的离散，那「共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同」的乡心，沉痛而深切，是望月思亲诗「骨肉离散」的代表作。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the longing. The separation opens: in, the, hard, times, the, famine, the, heritage, of, the, family, empty — the heritage of the empty; the, brothers, on, the, journeys, each, to, the, west, and, to, the, east — the journeys of the west and the east. The desolation follows: the, fields, and, the, gardens, desolate, after, the, weapons, of, the, war — the desolate of the war; the, flesh, and, the, blood, drifting, apart, in, the, middle, of, the, roads — the drifting of the roads; the, shadows, of, the, shadowed, divided, into, the, geese, of, the, thousand, miles — the geese of the thousand miles; the, roots, leaving, the, roots, scattered, as, the, tumbleweeds, of, the, nine, autumns — the tumbleweeds of the nine autumns. And the close gathers the moon: looking, together, at, the, bright, moon, we, should, shed, the, tears — the tears of the bright moon; in, one, night, the, hearts, of, the, home, in, the, five, places, the, same — the same hearts of the five places — the separation, the scattering and the close's moon, gathered in the poem.

此诗艺术上以「以物写散」与「以月会心」为特色，在战乱离散的描绘中写尽骨肉之情。首联「时难年饥世业空，弟兄羁旅各西东」，以「时难年饥」写时局之艰，以「弟兄羁旅各西东」写弟兄之散——「世业空」写家业成空，「各西东」写弟兄离散，正是战乱的大背景；颔联「田园寥落干戈后，骨肉流离道路中」，以「田园寥落」写田园之荒，以「骨肉流离」写骨肉之散——「干戈后」写战乱之后，「道路中」写流离之路，正是离散的写照；颈联「吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬」，以「吊影分为千里鴈」写如鴈之散，以「辞根散作九秋蓬」写如蓬之飘——「千里鴈」「九秋蓬」，一写离散之鴈、一写飘零之蓬，正是「以物写散」的深意，「吊影」「辞根」，写尽孤独与飘零；尾联「共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同」，以「共看明月」写共看之月，以「一夜乡心五处同」写乡心之同——「应垂泪」写垂泪之情，「五处同」写乡心之同，正是「以月会心」的深意，那五处离散的兄弟，共看明月，同念乡心。全诗由时难年饥写起，经田园骨肉的离散、千里鴈九秋蓬的飘零，而归于共看明月、乡心五处同的会心，以物写散、以月会心，正是望月思亲诗「骨肉离散」的极致。

Allusions

'The geese of the thousand miles' (qian li yan) are the geese of the thousand miles — the geese of the thousand miles, the separation of the flight; 'the tumbleweeds of the nine autumns' (jiu qiu peng) are the tumbleweeds of the nine autumns — the tumbleweeds of the nine autumns, the scattering of the roots; 'the five places' (wu chu) are the five places — the places of the brothers, the same hearts of the close.

此诗用典于关键处见深意。「干戈」，写兵乱——「干戈」本为兵器，后以「干戈」写战乱，「田园寥落干戈后」写田园在战乱后寥落。「吊影」，写吊影自怜——「吊影」写形影相吊，独自哀怜，「吊影分为千里鴈」写如吊影之鴈，分为千里。「千里鴈」，用「鴈」之典——鴈行有序，古以「鴈行」写兄弟，「千里鴈」写离散千里的兄弟，正如分飞的鴈。「辞根」，写辞别本根——「辞根」写离开根本，「辞根散作九秋蓬」写如辞根之蓬，散作九秋。「九秋蓬」，用「蓬」之典——蓬草秋后根断，随风飘转，《古诗十九首》「人生寄一世，奄忽若飙尘」、曹植《杂诗》「转蓬离本根，飘飖随长风」正写蓬之飘零，「九秋蓬」写深秋飘零之蓬。值得注意的是，「千里鴈」与「九秋蓬」相对，一为离散之鴈、一为飘零之蓬，正是「以物写散」的双关——兄弟如鴈之散，身世如蓬之飘，正是战乱离散的写照。这些意象，或写干戈、或写吊影、或写千里鴈、或写辞根、或写九秋蓬，皆围绕战乱离散与骨肉之情这一核心，织成一张沉痛深切的情网，正是白居易诗「以典写情」的特点。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Bai Juyi's poems of the longing, quoted for the desolation of its middle and the tenderness of its close. The geese of the thousand miles, and the moon of the five places, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's longing: the separation gathered in the scattering, to the close's moon.

读此诗，最值得注意的是「吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬」与「共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同」所写出的「离散之痛与会心之暖」。前四句写战乱的大背景：时难年饥，世业成空；弟兄羁旅，各散西东；田园寥落于干戈之后；骨肉流离于道路之中——那是战乱离散的写照。而颈联「吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬」，是全诗意象的凝聚：那兄弟如千里分飞的鴈，形影相吊；那身世如九秋的蓬，辞根飘零——「千里鴈」「九秋蓬」，一写离散，一写飘零，正是「以物写散」的深意。而尾联「共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同」，是全诗情感的升华：那五处离散的兄弟，共看一轮明月，应垂泪——那乡心，一夜之间，五处相同。这一「五处同」，是全诗的关键：离散虽分五处，而乡心相同——那共看明月，正是五处兄弟的会心；那乡心相同，正是骨肉之情的印证。值得注意的是，那「应垂泪」的「应」字，写推想——那五处兄弟，应皆垂泪，正是「心心相印」的推想。白居易此诗，以望月写战乱中的思亲，那离散之痛与会心之暖，正是骨肉之情的深衷。

Prosody

Form A regulated poem of the longing (qi yan lü shi)诗（七言律诗）

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the regulated poem that carries the tender longing.此诗为七言律诗，押平声「东」部韵，「空」「东」「中」「蓬」「同」等字皆属上平一东韵，韵脚悠长而沉郁，正合诗情「望月思亲」的声调。首联「时难年饥世业空，弟兄羁旅各西东」以「世业空」「各西东」相对，工对而见离散；颔联「田园寥落干戈后，骨肉流离道路中」，以「田园寥落」「骨肉流离」相对，工对而见悲凉；颈联「吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬」，以「吊影」「辞根」相对，工对而见飘零；尾联「共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同」，以「应垂泪」「五处同」收束，写乡心。整体声调由首联的离散，到尾联的乡心，悠长而沉郁，正合望月思亲诗「骨肉离散」的诗情。

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the longing: the level opening with the separation, the turning with the scattering, and the close's fall with the same.句式上，此诗善用对仗与虚字：「时难年饥世业空，弟兄羁旅各西东」，以「时难」「弟兄」相对，一写时局、一写离散，对仗自然；「田园寥落干戈后，骨肉流离道路中」，以「田园」「骨肉」相对，一写田园、一写骨肉，对仗精工；「吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬」，以「吊影」「辞根」相对，「千里鴈」「九秋蓬」写离散飘零，对仗精工而见深意；「共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同」，以「共看」「一夜」写会心，转折而见升华。全诗由写离散入写飘零、由写飘零入写乡心，对仗整饬而句法多变，正是望月思亲诗「骨肉离散」的节奏美学。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its longing: the cadences of the regulated poem, and the close — 'yi ye xiang xin wu chu tong' — falls with the same, the sound of the longing of the separated family.作为中唐七律，《自河南经乱关内阻饥兄弟离散各在一处因望月有感聊书所怀寄上浮梁大兄於潜七兄乌江十五兄兼示符离及下邽弟妹》的声律之美，在于以沉郁的东韵与精工的对仗，写出战乱离散中望月思亲的骨肉之情。全诗首联「时难年饥世业空」以时难年饥写战乱的大背景，弟兄羁旅各西东写离散；颔联「田园寥落干戈后，骨肉流离道路中」以田园骨肉写战乱后的荒凉，一田一骨；颈联「吊影分为千里鴈，辞根散作九秋蓬」以千里鴈、九秋蓬写离散飘零，意象凝聚；尾联「共看明月应垂泪，一夜乡心五处同」以共看明月、乡心五处同写会心，升华而温暖。全诗由写离散入写飘零、由写飘零入写乡心，层层递进而声情相谐，正是望月思亲诗「骨肉离散」的体现。就全诗而言，此诗以望月写战乱中的思亲，沉痛而深切，是望月思亲诗的名篇，与杜甫《月夜忆舍弟》同为乱世思亲之作，而一写「露从今夜白，月是故乡明」的忆弟，一写「一夜乡心五处同」的乡心，可见乱世思亲在两位诗人笔下的两种深衷，也可见望月思亲这一母题从盛唐到中唐的传承。

Line by line

弟兄羁旅各西东

Brothers in exile, each west or east

弟兄羁旅，各在西东。

Brothers wandering in exile, each far west or east.

这一句写弟兄羁旅各散西东，是此诗离散意象的核心。「弟兄」，写兄弟——「弟兄」写兄弟，正是此诗思念的对象；「羁旅各西东」，写羁旅各散西东——「羁旅」写羁旅在外，「各西东」写各散西东，正是弟兄的离散。以「弟兄羁旅各西东」写离散，比直写「兄弟分离」更见羁旅与广大——那弟兄，羁旅在外，各散西东，正是战乱离散的写照；「各西东」三字，写离散之广，正是「骨肉流离」的铺垫。这一句，是此诗离散意象的核心，与「时难年饥世业空」相连，一写时局，一写离散，正是战乱的大背景——那弟兄羁旅各西东，正是时难年饥的结果。

This line writes brothers wandering in exile, each far west or east, the core of the poem's dispersal image. Brothers writes the siblings, precisely the poem's longing object. In exile, each west or east writes the wandering away from home, the scattered directions, precisely the brothers' dispersal. Using brothers wandering in exile, each west or east to write dispersal is more exile-and-vastness than directly saying brothers separated - those brothers, wandering, each scattered west or east, precisely the war's dispersal portrait. Each west or east three characters write the dispersal's breadth, precisely preparing flesh-and-blood drifting. This line is the core of the dispersal image, connecting with hard times and famine, the family estate empty: one writes the times, one the dispersal, precisely the war's great background - those brothers wandering each west or east are precisely the hard-times-famine result.

吊影分为千里鴈

gazing at my shadow, I am like a goose parted a thousand li

吊影分为千里之鴈。

I mourn my shadow, parted like geese a thousand li apart.

这一句用鴈之典写兄弟离散，是此诗意象凝聚的关键。「吊影」，写形影相吊——「吊影」写独自哀怜，形影相吊，「吊影分为千里鴈」写如吊影之鴈，分为千里；「千里鴈」，用「鴈」之典——鴈行有序，古以「鴈行」写兄弟，「千里鴈」写离散千里的兄弟。以「吊影分为千里鴈」写离散，比直写「兄弟离散」更见意象与深痛——那如吊影之鴈，分为千里，正是兄弟离散的写照；「千里鴈」三字，写离散之远，正是「辞根散作九秋蓬」的铺垫。这一句，是此诗意象凝聚的关键，也是全诗最深痛的意象之一——那吊影的鴈，那千里的离散，正是战乱离散的写照。

This line uses the goose allusion to write brothers dispersed, the key to the poem's image condensation. Mourn my shadow writes self-pitying, form and shadow condoling - mourn-my-shadow-parted-like-a-thousand-li-goose writes like the shadow-mourning goose, parted a thousand li. A thousand-li goose uses the goose allusion - goose flight in order, ancients using goose-flight for brothers; a thousand-li goose writes brothers dispersed a thousand li. Using mourn my shadow, parted like geese a thousand li apart to write dispersal is more image-and-deep-pain than directly saying brothers dispersed - that shadow-mourning goose, parted a thousand li, precisely brothers dispersed portrait. A thousand-li goose three characters write the dispersal's distance, precisely preparing uprooted, scattered as autumn tumbleweed. This line is the key to image condensation, also one of the poem's most pained images - that shadow-mourning goose, that thousand-li dispersal, precisely the war's dispersal portrait.

一夜乡心五处同

one night, the homesick heart is the same in five places.

一夜乡心，五处相同。

In one night, the longing for home is the same in five places.

这一句是全诗的结穴，写一夜乡心五处相同，是此诗乡心升华的最高点。「一夜乡心」，写一夜的乡心——「一夜」写一夜之间，「乡心」写思乡之心，「一夜乡心」写一夜的乡心；「五处同」，写五处相同——「五处」写五处离散的兄弟，「同」写相同，「五处同」写五处乡心相同。以「一夜乡心五处同」写乡心，比直写「思念」更见会心与温暖——那五处离散的兄弟，一夜乡心相同，正是骨肉之情的印证；「五处同」三字，写乡心之同，正是「共看明月应垂泪」的升华。这一结句，会心温暖，是此诗乡心升华的最高点，也是全诗的深衷——那离散虽分五处，而乡心相同，正是骨肉之情不因离散而断的印证。

This line is the poem's knot, writing in one night, the longing for home is the same in five places, the highest point of homesickness's sublimation. One night's homesick heart writes one night's home-longing - one night, the heart longing for home. Five places the same writes five places identical - five places the scattered brothers, the same. Using one night, the homesick heart is the same in five places to write homesickness is more mutual-understanding-and-warmth than directly saying missing - those five-place-scattered brothers, one night's homesickness the same, precisely the flesh-and-blood feeling's confirmation. Five places the same three characters write the homesickness's sameness, precisely preparing together looking at the bright moon should draw tears' sublimation. This closing line is mutual-understanding warm, the highest point of homesickness's sublimation, also the poem's deep heart - the dispersal though divided into five places, yet the homesickness the same, precisely the flesh-and-blood feeling's confirmation that dispersal cannot break it.

Study

Word focus

干戈 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「田园寥落干戈后」之「干戈」，写战乱，是此诗战乱意象的核心语。「干戈」本为兵器——「干」为盾，「戈」为戟，「干戈」本为兵器，后以「干戈」写战乱；「田园寥落干戈后」，写田园在战乱后寥落。以「干戈」写战乱，比直写「战乱」更见古雅与具体——那干戈，正是战乱的兵器；「干戈后」三字，写战乱之后，正是「田园寥落」的原因。这一词，是此诗战乱意象的核心，与「田园寥落」相连，一写战乱，一写田园，正是战乱离散的大背景——那田园寥落于干戈之后，正是骨肉流离的根源。

吊影 'The, shadows, of, the, shadowed' — the shadows of the lonely, the geese of the division. 「吊影分为千里鴈」之「吊影」，写形影相吊，是此诗孤独意象的核心语。「吊影」即形影相吊——「吊」写哀怜，「影」写身影，「吊影」写独自哀怜，形影相吊；「吊影分为千里鴈」，写如吊影之鴈，分为千里。以「吊影」写孤独，比直写「孤单」更见哀怜与具象——那形影相吊，正是离散之人的孤独；「吊影」二字，写独自哀怜，正是「千里鴈」的孤独。这一词，是此诗孤独意象的核心，与「千里鴈」相连，一写孤独，一写离散，正是战乱离散的写照——那吊影的鴈，正是离散兄弟的象征。

乡心 'The, hearts, of, the, home' — the hearts of the longing, the same of the five places. 「一夜乡心五处同」之「乡心」，写思乡之心，是此诗乡思意象的核心语。「乡心」即思乡之心——「乡」写家乡，「心」写心，「乡心」写思乡之心；「一夜乡心五处同」，写一夜乡心，五处相同。以「乡心」写思念，比直写「思乡」更见内敛与深沉——那乡心，正是思乡之心；「乡心」二字，写思乡之心，正是「五处同」的所在。这一词，是此诗乡思意象的核心，与「五处同」相连，一写乡心，一写相同，正是骨肉之情的印证——那五处离散的兄弟，乡心相同，正是共看明月的会心。