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五代 Five Dynasties · 词 Ci lyric

浣溪沙·蓼岸风多橘柚香

Silk-Washing Stream: Wind Over the Smartweed Bank, Fragrance of Orange and Pomelo

孙光宪

Sun Guangxian

写景scene painting 羁旅life on the road

蓼岸风多橘柚香，江边一望楚天长。
片帆烟际闪孤光。
目送征鸿飞杳杳，思随流水去茫茫。
兰红波碧忆潇湘。

Wind crowds the smartweed bank and orange and pomelo breathe their scent;
from the riverside, at a single look, the sky of Chu runs long.
A single sail at the edge of the mist glints with a lonely light.
My eyes follow the travelling goose until it fades away;
my thoughts go off with the flowing water into the boundless.
Red orchid and green waves, and I remember the Xiao and the Xiang.

Listen

Meaning

The wind blows hard along the bank of smartweed and the scent of oranges and pomelos drifts across; standing by the river and looking out, one sees the sky of Chu stretching away without end. A single sail glimmers with a lonely light where the water turns to mist. My eyes follow the travelling wild goose until it is lost in the distance, and my thoughts go off with the running water into a vagueness with no shore. Looking at the red orchids and the green waves, I remember the country of the Xiao and the Xiang.

蓼花岸边风多，橘柚飘香，江边纵目一望，楚天辽阔悠长。一片风帆在烟水迷茫处闪着孤光。目送远征的鸿雁飞向杳远，思绪随流水去向茫茫。看着红兰碧波，忆起那潇湘之地。

Appreciation

The lyric writes a traveller gazing out, clear and spacious in surface with a lingering ache beneath. The first half opens on smell and then on sight, the scent of orange and pomelo giving way to a sky that runs on and on, until the whole width of the view is gathered into one point, the lonely glint of a distant sail. The second half follows the eyes out after a wild goose and the mind out along the water, so that seeing and thinking travel in the same direction and both come to no end. The closing line ends on bright colour, and the word 'remember' turns that brightness at once into a long ache for a place far away.

【白话串讲】 “蓼岸风多橘柚香，江边一望楚天长”——孙光宪写江边秋色：蓼花岸边橘柚飘香。“目送征鸿飞杳杳，思随流水去茫茫”——目送大雁飞远，思念随水流去。“兰红波碧忆潇湘”——他想起潇湘。【意象与手法】此词写羁旅送眺，清丽开阔而情韵悠远。上片三句写江景：蓼岸风多、橘柚飘香，是江南秋日明秀嗅觉【情感与主旨】孙光宪（约895—968），字孟文，号葆光子，五代时仕荆南，入宋后任黄州刺史【名句点睛】本词适合考查：一、画面层次与空间开拓——从蓼岸嗅觉到楚天远望到片帆孤光，由近及远

Background

Sun Guangxian (about 895 to 968), styled Mengwen, called himself Baoguangzi; he served the state of Jingnan during the Five Dynasties and, after the Song took over, was prefect of Huangzhou. A comparatively large number of his lyrics survive, and his subjects are broader than those of most poets in the Flowers Among the Blossoms anthology, combining the clear grace of the Jiangnan country with the bleak spaciousness of Ba and Shu. This Silk-Washing Stream was probably written while he served in Jingnan and looked out along the river: the smartweed bank, the scent of oranges and a single sail with its lonely light stir the sorrow of the traveller and the memory of the Xiao and the Xiang, an open, clear scene rare among the lyrics of that anthology.

此词为五代词人孙光宪所作。孙光宪（901—968），字孟文，贵平人，后唐时避地江陵，事南平高氏，词存于《花间集》，是花间派中较有气象的词人。此词写江边秋日送别怀人之情：蓼岸风起，橘柚飘香，江边一望楚天辽阔；一片孤帆在烟际闪烁。下片写目送征鸿飞去杳杳，思绪随流水去茫茫，遥忆兰红波碧的潇湘。全词以江天、孤帆、征鸿、流水等阔大的意象写离情，境界开阔而情思绵长，是花间词中别具气象之作。孙光宪词多写江行客愁，与此词同类者甚多，然此词以“忆潇湘”收束，含不尽之意。

Art

The lyric writes a traveller gazing out, clear and spacious in surface with a lingering feeling beneath. The first three lines give the river: wind crowding the smartweed bank and the scent of orange and pomelo, the bright sharp smells of a Jiangnan autumn; the single look that finds the sky of Chu running long opens out the space, and inside that vastness there is already the loneliness of one who looks alone; the sail at the edge of the mist glinting with a lonely light catches the whole of that solitude in one point. The second half writes the eyes following the wild goose out of sight and the mind following the water into the boundless; the closing line, red orchid and green waves with the memory of the Xiao and the Xiang, ends on bright colour, and the word 'remember' turns brightness into a long ache for home. The colouring is clear throughout and the horizon wide.

此词艺术上以开阔的意象与绵长的情思见长。上片写江边秋景与送别之景：“蓼岸风多橘柚香”以蓼岸、橘柚写秋江之景——风多而橘柚飘香，是南国秋日的特征；“江边一望楚天长”以楚天写江天之辽阔——一望无际，正见秋空之远；“片帆烟际闪孤光”以孤帆写行舟之远——片帆在烟际闪烁，将去渐远。下片写目送与遥忆：“目送征鸿飞杳杳”以征鸿写目送之远——鸿飞杳杳，目力所及，愈去愈远；“思随流水去茫茫”以流水写思绪之长——思绪随水东去，茫茫无际；“兰红波碧忆潇湘”以潇湘写所忆之地——兰红波碧，是回忆中的美好。全词以蓼岸、孤帆、征鸿、流水等意象，写江边送别的离情，境界阔大而情思绵长，正是孙光宪词“气象”的风格。

Allusions

Both allusion and borrowing are unforced here. The smartweed bank and the orange and pomelo recall the Ode to the Orange in the Songs of Chu, where the orange is the fair tree of the sovereign that came and settled in the south, together with the local produce of Chu in the Book of Songs, fixing the scene under a Chu sky. The travelling goose carries the tradition of a letter tied to a goose's foot and stands for autumn longing. The Xiao and the Xiang invoke the consorts of Shun, whose tears stained the bamboo and who drowned in the Xiang: the phrase names a real place and at the same time hints at longing and mourning, so that remembering the Xiao and the Xiang fuses travel, homesickness and love for an absent person in a single stroke. The allusions are apt and never obtrusive.

此词用典在“潇湘”一地。“潇湘”指潇水与湘水合流之地，为湖南一带，古诗词中常指贬谪、思慕之地（如屈原流放之域），亦以“潇湘”写离愁别绪；“橘柚”自屈原《橘颂》以来为南国之象，写南方风物之美；“征鸿”自《诗经·鸿雁》以来为远行之象。全词以这些传统的意象写江行送别之情，不事雕琢而情致自远。孙光宪久在荆楚，此词之“忆潇湘”或即写其实地经验，以“兰红波碧”的回忆写离情，正是花间词“缘情绮靡”的风格。

Commentary

Modern critics say that Sun Guangxian's subjects are broader than those of the other poets in the Flowers Among the Blossoms anthology and that he combines clear grace with bleak spaciousness; the Jiecunzhai Lunci Zazhu likewise allows him an open atmosphere. In this Silk-Washing Stream, lines such as the wind crowding the smartweed bank with the scent of orange and pomelo, and the single sail glinting with a lonely light at the edge of the mist, are as bright as a painting and yet unmistakably lonely; the thoughts going off with the flowing water and the memory of the Xiao and the Xiang lodge distance inside clarity. Critics regularly praise the piece as a different note within the anthology and a forerunner of the clear lyric of the Northern Song.

《浣溪沙·蓼岸风多橘柚香》是孙光宪词的代表作，也是花间词中较有气象的作品。孙光宪词在花间诸家中，以境界较为开阔著称，此词即其代表。论者多赏其“片帆烟际闪孤光”的写景——片帆在烟际闪烁，动态而苍茫，遂为传诵之句；而“思随流水去茫茫”以流水写思绪，亦见绵长。花间词多写闺情，而孙光宪多写江行客愁，此词正是其独特之处——以江天、孤帆的阔大景象写离情，超越花间词一般的闺阁格局。

Prosody

Form Ci lyric to the tune Silk-Washing Stream, double form of forty-two characters词牌·浣溪沙

Rhyme Cilin Zhengyun, yang rhyme group (scent, long, light, away, boundless, Xiang), level tones rhymed together《浣溪沙》为双调，上下片各三句，押平声韵。此词用韵：香、长、光（阳部）、杳、茫、湘（阳部），上下片同韵，音节流丽。平声韵写江行之景，声情舒展。

Tone pattern Double form, three level rhymes in each half, lines of seven, seven, seven and seven, seven, seven characters《浣溪沙》句式以七言为主，三句一组，音节流丽。此词上片写景，三句一景（蓼岸、江天、孤帆），由近及远，音节舒展；下片写情，三句一层（目送、思随、忆潇湘），由目及心，音节绵长。全词以平韵贯底，声情与江天辽阔的内容相合，是花间词中气象开阔的一路。

Reading note This is the level-rhyme form of Silk-Washing Stream, which Sun Guangxian used for clear and open river scenes.《浣溪沙》为唐五代流行的词牌，孙光宪此词是其代表作。此词双调六句，上片写江边秋景与行舟之远，下片写目送与遥忆，由景及情，境界开阔而情思绵长。孙光宪在花间诸家中，以多写江行客愁、境界较为开阔著称，此词正见其风格——以蓼岸、孤帆、征鸿、流水的阔大景象写离情，超越花间词一般的闺阁格局。词中“片帆烟际闪孤光”写远帆之影，“思随流水去茫茫”写离情之长，皆是传诵之句。

Line by line

蓼岸风多橘柚香，江边一望楚天长。片帆烟际闪孤光。

On the smartweed bank the wind blows soft and the pomelo trees give off their fragrance; gazing from the river, the Chu sky stretches far away. A single sail glimmers, lonely, at the edge of the mist.

蓼草岸边风多，橘柚飘香，江边一望，楚天辽阔绵长。一片孤帆在烟霭之际闪烁着微光。

Wind blows strong on the smartweed shore and orange and pomelo scent the air; one look out over the river, and the Chu sky stretches endless. A single sail flickers with a lonely gleam amid the mist.

上片写江边秋景与行舟之远。“蓼岸风多橘柚香”写秋江之景——蓼岸风起，橘柚飘香，南国秋日的丰美风物，嗅觉与触觉并写；“江边一望楚天长”写江天之辽阔——“一望”写目之所及，“楚天长”写秋空之远，境界顿时开阔；“片帆烟际闪孤光”写行舟之远去——“片帆”写舟之孤单，“烟际”写其已远，“闪孤光”写其在烟霭中若隐若现的光影。三句由近景到远景，由风物到行舟，把江边送别的场景写得既美且远。一个“孤”字，既写舟孤，亦写人孤，为下片的离情张本。

The upper stanza writes the autumn river scene and the distance of the departing boat. 'On the smartweed bank the wind blows soft and the pomelo trees give off their fragrance' writes the autumn river—the wind rising on the smartweed shore, the scent of oranges and pomelos, the rich produce of the southern autumn, smell and touch together. 'Gazing from the river, the Chu sky stretches far away' writes the vastness of sky and water—the 'one look' the reach of the eye, 'Chu sky stretches far' the distance of the autumn sky, the realm broadening at once. 'A single sail glimmers, lonely, at the edge of the mist' writes the boat going far—the 'single sail' the loneliness of the craft, 'edge of the mist' its distance, 'glimmers lonely' its light flickering now and then in the haze. The three lines move from near to far, from produce to the boat, writing the riverside farewell as at once beautiful and distant. The single word 'lonely' writes both the boat's loneliness and the man's, preparing the parting feeling of the lower stanza.

目送征鸿飞杳杳，思随流水去茫茫。兰红波碧忆潇湘。

My eyes follow the far-wild geese flying beyond all sight; my thoughts go with the flowing water, lost in the vastness. Orchids red, waves green—I remember the Xiao-Xiang.

目送远飞的征鸿渐行渐远，思绪随流水东去茫茫无际。那兰红波碧的地方，让人遥忆潇湘。

My eyes watch the departing wild geese fly further and further away; my thoughts drift east with the flowing waters, boundless and vast. Where orchids are red and waves are green, I recall the streams of Xiao and Xiang.

下片写目送与遥忆。“目送征鸿飞杳杳”写目送之远——鸿飞杳杳，目力追之不及，暗含人去之远；“思随流水去茫茫”写思绪之长——“思随流水”以水写思，随江流东去，茫茫无际，离情之绵长尽在其中；“兰红波碧忆潇湘”写所忆之地的美好——“兰红波碧”写潇湘水边芳草红花、碧波荡漾，是回忆中的美景，亦是思念之所寄。三句由目送而思随而遥忆，层层推进，把离情写得既绵长又美好。以“忆潇湘”收束，不言思念之人而思念自见，正是花间词含蓄的笔致。

The lower stanza writes watching with the eyes and remembering from afar. 'My eyes follow the far-wild geese flying beyond all sight' writes the distance of the gaze—the geese flying out of reach of the eye, covertly writing the distance of the man gone. 'My thoughts go with the flowing water, lost in the vastness' writes the length of thought—'thoughts go with the flowing water' writing thought through water, following the current east, boundless, the length of parting feeling within it. 'Orchids red, waves green—I remember the Xiao-Xiang' writes the beauty of the place remembered—'orchids red, waves green' the fragrant flowers and green waves of the Xiao-Xiang shore, the beauty in memory and the place where longing rests. The three lines move from watching to thought to distant memory, advancing layer by layer, writing the parting feeling as at once long and beautiful. Closing on 'I remember the Xiao-Xiang,' naming not the person longed for yet longing showing of itself, is the reserved brush of the Huajian school.

Study

Word focus

孤光 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. “片帆烟际闪孤光”之“孤光”，写孤帆在烟际闪烁的光影，是全词写景最见功力的一笔。“孤”写帆之孤单，“光”写其光影——片帆远去，在烟霭中若隐若现，如一点孤光闪烁。“闪”字更写其明灭不定，恰如离人渐远渐无的踪迹。这一词把“远帆”写得既形象又含情：帆渐远而光渐微，正是送别者目力与心力的延伸。以“孤光”写远帆，比直言“孤帆远影”更见光影的动态与苍茫。

杳杳 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. “目送征鸿飞杳杳”之“杳杳”，写征鸿飞得深远无迹，是写目送之远的叠字。“杳杳”本写深远幽暗，此处写鸿飞之远——飞入天际，渐杳渐无。着一叠字，既写空间之远（鸿已飞远），亦写时间之久（目送良久）。“目送”二字已见深情，“杳杳”更写其力不能及。以“杳杳”写目送，把送别者久久伫望、目送远方的姿态写得如在目前。

茫茫 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. “思随流水去茫茫”之“茫茫”，写思绪随水东去的无边无际，是下片写情的叠字。“茫茫”本写水势之阔大无涯，此处写“思随流水”——思绪随江水东去，渺茫无尽。这一叠字把抽象的“思”写得有水势的阔大：不是涓涓细流，而是茫茫东去；不是一时之念，而是无尽之愁。与上句“杳杳”相承，一目送之远，一思绪之长，皆以叠字写离情的绵延无尽。

忆潇湘 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. “兰红波碧忆潇湘”之“忆潇湘”，写遥忆远方之地，是全词情感的归结。“潇湘”为湘水流域，是思念之人所在之地；“忆”字写回忆与思念。前三句写目送征鸿、思随流水，皆是送别之景；此句一转，以“兰红波碧”写回忆中潇湘的美好，以“忆”字点出离情之所系。着一“忆”字，把眼前的离别与往昔的美好联系起来——今日送别，遥忆潇湘之碧水，正是思念的绵长。以“忆潇湘”收束，不言人而人在其中，含蓄隽永。