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宋 Song · 诗 Poem

五月十一日夜且半梦从大驾亲征尽复汉唐故地见城邑人物繁丽云西凉府喜甚马上作长句未终篇而觉乃足成之

On, the, Night, of, the, Eleventh, of, the, Fifth, Month, Dreaming, of, the, Imperial, Campaign, to, Recover, All, the, Old, Lands, of, the, Han, and, the, Tang

陆游

Lu You

报国country 记梦Theme

天宝胡兵陷两京，北庭安西无汉营。
五百年间置不问，圣主下诏初亲征。
熊罴百万从銮驾，故地不劳传檄下。
筑城绝塞进新图，排仗行宫宣大赦。
冈峦极目汉山川，文书初用淳熙年。
驾前六军错锦绣，秋风鼓角声满天。
苜蓿峰前尽亭障，平安火在交河上。
凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样。

In, the, Tianbao, the, barbarian, troops, had, taken, the, two, capitals,
The, Beiting, and, the, Anxi, no, Han, camps.
For, the, five, hundred, years, laid, aside, and, not, asked,
The, holy, lord, issued, the, decree, for, the, first, time, the, personal, campaign.
The, hundred, thousands, of, the, bears, and, the, griffins, following, the, imperial, carriage,
The, old, lands, no, need, of, the, proclamations, to, come, down.
Building, the, walls, at, the, farthest, passes, presenting, the, new, maps,
Setting, the, guard, at, the, traveling, palace, proclaiming, the, great, amnesty.
The, ridges, and, the, mounds, as, far, as, the, eye, the, mountains, and, the, rivers, of, the, Han,
The, documents, for, the, first, time, using, the, year, of, the, Chunxi.
Before, the, carriage, the, six, armies, interwoven, with, the, brocades,
The, autumn, wind, the, drums, and, the, horns, the, sound, filling, the, sky.
Before, the, peak, of, the, alfalfa, all, the, beacon, towers,
The, beacon, fires, of, the, peace, on, the, River, of, the, Jiaohe.
The, daughters, of, the, Liangzhou, filling, the, high, towers,
Combing, the, hair, already, learning, the, style, of, the, capital.

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Meaning

A poem of the dream and the recovery, written by Lu You. In the Tianbao the barbarian troops had taken the two capitals, the Beiting and the Anxi no Han camps — the loss of the opening. For the five hundred years laid aside and not asked, the holy lord issued the decree for the first time the personal campaign — the decree of the middle. The hundred thousands of the bears and the griffins following the imperial carriage, the old lands no need of the proclamations to come down — the march of the middle. And the close's the daughters of the Liangzhou filling the high towers, combing the hair already learning the style of the capital — the close's recovery. The poem is the dream and the recovery: the campaign, the banners, and the close's Liangzhou.

天宝胡兵陷两京，北庭安西无汉营。五百年间置不问，圣主下诏初亲征。熊罴百万从銮驾，故地不劳传檄下。筑城绝塞进新图，排仗行宫宣大赦。冈峦极目汉山川，文书初用淳熙年。驾前六军错锦绣，秋风鼓角声满天。苜蓿峰前尽亭障，平安火在交河上。凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] In, the, Tianbao, the, barbarian, troops, had, taken, the, two, capitals, the, Beiting, and, the, Anxi, no, Han, camps. For, the, five, hundred, years, laid, aside, and, not, asked, the, holy, lord, issued, the, decree, for, the, first, time, the, personal, campaign. The, hundred, thousands, of, the, bears, and, the, griffins, following, the, imperial, carriage, the, old, lands, no, need, of, the, proclamations, to, come, down. Building, the, walls, at, the, farthest, passes, presenting, the, new, maps, setting, the, guard, at, the, traveling, palace, proclaiming, the, great, amnesty. The, ridges, and, the, mounds, as, far, as, the, eye, the, mountains, and, the, rivers, of, the, Han, the, documents, for, the, first, time, using, the, year, of, the, Chunxi. Before, the, carriage, the, six, armies, interwoven, with, the, brocades, the, autumn, wind, the, drums, and, the, horns, the, sound, filling, the, sky. Before, the, peak, of, the, alfalfa, all, the, beacon, towers, the, beacon, fires, of, the, peace, on, the, River, of, the, Jiaohe. The, daughters, of, the, Liangzhou, filling, the, high, towers, combing, the, hair, already, learning, the, style, of, the, capital. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the loss of the two capitals with the five hundred years, through the decree of the campaign with the march of the armies, to the close's the recovery of the Liangzhou. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the dream: the holy lord issued the decree for the first time the personal campaign, and the close's the daughters of the Liangzhou combing the hair already learning the style of the capital — the campaign gathered in the recovery and the close's Liangzhou. [Emotional Tone] Grand, heroic, and longing: the poem is the campaign, the banners and the close's recovery.

【白话串讲】陆游写《五月十一日夜且半梦从大驾亲征尽复汉唐故地》：“天宝胡兵陷两京，北庭安西无汉营”——“五百年间置不问，圣主下诏初亲征”——“熊罴百万从銮驾，故地不劳传檄下”——他梦见随皇帝亲征、收复汉唐故地——梦醒足成此诗。【意象与手法】此诗写记梦，以梦境写爱国，是陆游的名篇。前八句写亲征：「天宝胡兵陷两京，北庭安西无汉营」写天宝胡兵陷两京、北庭安西无汉营——写尽故地沦陷；「五百年间置不问，圣主下诏初亲征」写五百年间置不问、圣主下诏初亲征——写尽亲征；「熊罴百万从銮驾，故地不劳传檄下」写熊罴百万从銮驾、故地不劳传檄下——写尽收复；「筑城绝塞进新图，排仗行宫宣大赦」写筑城绝塞进新图、排仗行宫宣大赦——写尽庆功；后八句写恢复：「冈峦极目汉山川，文书初用淳熙年」写冈峦极目汉山川、文书初用淳熙年——写尽恢复的盛况；「驾前六军错锦绣，秋风鼓角声满天」写驾前六军错锦绣、秋风鼓角声满天——写尽凯旋的军容；「苜蓿峰前尽亭障，平安火在交河上」写苜蓿峰前尽亭障、平安火在交河上——写尽边塞的安宁；「凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样」写凉州女儿满高楼、梳头已学京都样——写尽凉州的恢复。全诗以梦境写爱国，写尽陆游对收复故地的热望与想象，是陆游的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写记梦，以梦境写爱国，是陆游的名篇。此诗题甚长，写陆游于五月十一日夜半梦见皇帝亲征，收复汉唐故地，凉州（西凉府）繁华如旧，遂作此诗。此诗写亲征：天宝胡兵陷两京，北庭安西无汉营——写天宝胡兵陷两京、北庭安西无汉营，写尽故地沦陷；五百年间置不问，圣主下诏初亲征——写五百年间置不问、圣主下诏初亲征，写尽亲征；熊罴百万从銮驾，故地不劳传檄下——写熊罴百万从銮驾、故地不劳传檄下，写尽收复；筑城绝塞进新图，排仗行宫宣大赦——写筑城绝塞进新图、排仗行宫宣大赦，写尽庆功；冈峦极目汉山川，文书初用淳熙年——写冈峦极目汉山川、文书初用淳熙年，写尽恢复的盛况；驾前六军错锦绣，秋风鼓角声满天——写驾前六军错锦绣、秋风鼓角声满天，写尽凯旋的军容；苜蓿峰前尽亭障，平安火在交河上——写苜蓿峰前尽亭障、平安火在交河上，写尽边塞的安宁；凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样——写凉州女儿满高楼、梳头已学京都样，写尽凉州的恢复。全诗以梦境写爱国——那「圣主下诏初亲征」写尽亲征的热望，「梳头已学京都样」写尽凉州的恢复，写尽陆游对收复故地的热望与想象，是理解陆游爱国诗的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「天宝胡兵陷两京，北庭安西无汉营」写故地沦陷；「圣主下诏初亲征」写亲征的热望；「凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样」写凉州的恢复；以及全诗以梦境写爱国、以想象写收复的手法。

Background

Lu You (1125-1210), the great poet of the Southern Song, wrote this dream of the recovery — the longing for the recovery of the lost lands. The loss of the two capitals with the five hundred years, the decree of the campaign, and the close's the daughters of the Liangzhou learning the style of the capital — the poem gathers the longing of the poet, the dream of the recovery. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the recovery.

此诗写记梦，以梦境写爱国，是陆游的名篇。陆游（1125—1210），字务观，号放翁，越州山阴（今浙江绍兴）人，南宋伟大的爱国诗人。陆游一生主张抗金收复失地，常于梦中见收复故地，其诗多记梦之作。此诗题甚长，写五月十一日夜半梦见皇帝亲征，尽复汉唐故地，凉州（西凉府，今甘肃武威）城邑繁丽，遂作此诗。「天宝胡兵陷两京，北庭安西无汉营」写天宝胡兵陷两京、北庭安西无汉营——写尽故地沦陷（天宝年间胡兵陷两京，北庭安西已无汉营）；「五百年间置不问，圣主下诏初亲征」写五百年间置不问、圣主下诏初亲征——写尽亲征（五百年间置之不问，圣主下诏初行亲征）；「熊罴百万从銮驾，故地不劳传檄下」写熊罴百万从銮驾、故地不劳传檄下——写尽收复（熊罴百万随銮驾，故地不劳传檄而降）；「筑城绝塞进新图，排仗行宫宣大赦」写筑城绝塞进新图、排仗行宫宣大赦——写尽庆功（筑城绝塞进献新图，排仗行宫宣示大赦）；「冈峦极目汉山川，文书初用淳熙年」写冈峦极目汉山川、文书初用淳熙年——写尽恢复的盛况（冈峦极目皆汉家山川，文书初用淳熙年号）；「驾前六军错锦绣，秋风鼓角声满天」写驾前六军错锦绣、秋风鼓角声满天——写尽凯旋的军容（驾前六军锦绣交错，秋风鼓角声满天）；「苜蓿峰前尽亭障，平安火在交河上」写苜蓿峰前尽亭障、平安火在交河上——写尽边塞的安宁（苜蓿峰前尽是亭障，平安火在交河之上）；「凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样」写凉州女儿满高楼、梳头已学京都样——写尽凉州的恢复（凉州女儿满在高楼，梳头已学京都模样）。全诗以梦境写爱国，写尽陆游对收复故地的热望与想象，是理解陆游爱国诗的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the dream. The loss opens: in, the, Tianbao, the, barbarian, troops, had, taken, the, two, capitals — the barbarian troops of the two capitals; the, Beiting, and, the, Anxi, no, Han, camps — the no Han camps of the Beiting and the Anxi; for, the, five, hundred, years, laid, aside, and, not, asked — the five hundred years of the not asked; the, holy, lord, issued, the, decree, for, the, first, time, the, personal, campaign — the decree of the personal campaign. The march follows: the, hundred, thousands, of, the, bears, and, the, griffins, following, the, imperial, carriage — the bears and the griffins of the imperial carriage; the, old, lands, no, need, of, the, proclamations, to, come, down — the old lands of the no need; building, the, walls, at, the, farthest, passes, presenting, the, new, maps — the new maps of the building the walls; setting, the, guard, at, the, traveling, palace, proclaiming, the, great, amnesty — the great amnesty of the traveling palace; the, ridges, and, the, mounds, as, far, as, the, eye, the, mountains, and, the, rivers, of, the, Han — the mountains and the rivers of the Han; the, documents, for, the, first, time, using, the, year, of, the, Chunxi — the year of the Chunxi of the documents; before, the, carriage, the, six, armies, interwoven, with, the, brocades — the six armies of the brocades; the, autumn, wind, the, drums, and, the, horns, the, sound, filling, the, sky — the drums and the horns of the autumn wind; before, the, peak, of, the, alfalfa, all, the, beacon, towers — the beacon towers of the alfalfa peak; the, beacon, fires, of, the, peace, on, the, River, of, the, Jiaohe — the beacon fires of the Jiaohe. And the close gathers the recovery: the, daughters, of, the, Liangzhou, filling, the, high, towers — the daughters of the Liangzhou; combing, the, hair, already, learning, the, style, of, the, capital — the style of the capital of the combing — the loss, the march and the close's recovery, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以记梦写热望。「五月十一日夜且半梦从大驾亲征」以记梦写热望——那「梦」写尽梦境，以记梦写尽收复的热望。其二，以铺叙写亲征。「熊罴百万从銮驾，故地不劳传檄下」以铺叙写亲征——那「熊罴百万」「不劳传檄」写尽军威与易下，以铺叙写尽亲征的盛况。其三，以想象写恢复。「凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样」以想象写恢复——那「梳头已学京都样」写尽凉州的恢复，以想象写尽故地重光。其四，以细节写安宁。「平安火在交河上」以细节写安宁——那「平安火」写尽边塞的平安，以细节写尽边塞的安宁。此外，此诗由故地沦陷写到亲征收复，再写到恢复的盛况，层层推进，正是记梦诗「由梦入真」的写法。四重手法，使此诗以梦境写爱国，写尽陆游对收复故地的热望与想象，是陆游的代表作。此诗尤可注意其「以文为诗」的叙事节奏：全诗以时间为序，先写沦陷之因（天宝胡兵），次写亲征之诏，再写收复之战，继写庆功之礼，后写恢复之盛，终写风习之复——十六句层层推进，如一篇收复纪事的长赋；而「五百年间置不问」以议论入诗，「文书初用淳熙年」以细节写制度，皆是韩愈「以文为诗」、以议论入诗的笔法，可见陆游长篇的叙事魄力。

Allusions

'The Tianbao' (tian bao) is the Tianbao — the reign of the Tang, the loss of the two capitals; 'the Beiting and the Anxi' (bei ting an xi) are the Beiting and the Anxi — the protectorates of the north and the west, the no Han camps; 'the bears and the griffins' (xiong pi) are the bears and the griffins — the beasts of the brave, the armies of the campaign; 'the Liangzhou' (liang zhou) is the Liangzhou — the prefecture of the Liang, the recovery of the close.

此诗的用语深植于边塞与典故的传统。「天宝胡兵陷两京」令人想到「天宝」写天宝年间的典故——天宝十四载安禄山叛乱，陷洛阳长安两京，也令人想到「安史之乱」的历史；「北庭安西」令人想到「北庭」「安西」写唐代西域都护府的意象——北庭都护府、安西都护府，皆唐在西域所置，也令人想到「汉营」写汉家军营的意象；「熊罴百万」令人想到「熊罴」写勇猛的意象——《尚书》「如熊如罴」，也令人想到「熊罴百万」写军威的意象；「淳熙年」令人想到「淳熙」写淳熙年号的意象——淳熙为宋孝宗年号，也令人想到「文书初用淳熙年」写收复后恢复宋制的意象；「苜蓿峰」令人想到「苜蓿峰」写边塞的意象——苜蓿峰为西域地名，也令人想到「苜蓿随天马」的边塞意象；「交河」令人想到「交河」写交河的意象——交河为唐代西域重镇，也令人想到「交河城边鸟飞绝」的边塞意象；「凉州」令人想到「凉州」写凉州的意象——凉州即西凉府，也令人想到「凉州词」的边塞乐曲。全诗化用天宝、北庭安西、苜蓿峰、交河、凉州的典故，以梦境写爱国，正是陆游「雄浑悲壮」而善用典、承边塞传统写收复的本领。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Lu You's poems of the recovery, quoted for the grandness of its dream and the hope of its close. The decree of the personal campaign, and the daughters of the Liangzhou learning the style of the capital, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's dream: the campaign gathered in the recovery, to the close's Liangzhou.

此诗历来被推为陆游爱国诗的名篇，也是宋代记梦诗的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以梦境写爱国，气吞山河」；近人更指出「凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样」以细节写恢复，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以十六句的长篇写尽陆游对收复故地的热望与想象——那陷两京的胡兵，那无汉营的北庭安西，那五百年，那亲征，那熊罴百万，那筑城绝塞，那淳熙年，那六军锦绣，那平安火，那凉州女儿，都写尽了陆游笔下的梦境；那「梳头已学京都样」更以细节写尽凉州的恢复。此诗与陆游《十一月四日风雨大作》（「夜阑卧听风吹雨」）同为记梦爱国名篇，一写「铁马冰河入梦来」的梦境（十一月四日），一写「梳头已学京都样」的梦境（五月十一日）；又与杜甫「剑外忽传收蓟北」的喜闻收复传统一脉相承，可见中国诗人写收复故地的深情。对于今日读者，此诗是理解陆游爱国诗的窗口，也是中国诗写记梦的经典——那学京都样的凉州女儿，穿越千年，仍在诉说着收复的热望。

Prosody

Form An old poem of the dream (qi yan gu shi)诗·七言古诗（十六句）

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the old poem that carries the grand dream.七古，两句一换韵，前四联押平声韵，后四联押仄声韵，音节豪放

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the dream: the level opening with the loss, the turning with the march, and the close's fall with the recovery.此诗为七言古诗，十六句，押韵灵活，音节豪放，正合亲征的豪放。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its dream: the cadences of the old poem, and the close — 'shu tou yi xue jing du yang' — falls with the style, the sound of the dream of the recovery poet.此诗为七言古诗，十六句——「天宝胡兵陷两京，北庭安西无汉营。五百年间置不问，圣主下诏初亲征。熊罴百万从銮驾，故地不劳传檄下。筑城绝塞进新图，排仗行宫宣大赦。冈峦极目汉山川，文书初用淳熙年。驾前六军错锦绣，秋风鼓角声满天。苜蓿峰前尽亭障，平安火在交河上。凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样」，前四联多押平声韵，后四联转仄声韵，音节豪放。全诗以梦境写爱国：前八句写故地沦陷与亲征收复（天宝胡兵陷两京……排仗行宫宣大赦），后八句写恢复的盛况（冈峦极目汉山川……梳头已学京都样）。十六句长章，前写亲征，后写恢复，以「梳头已学京都样」写尽凉州的恢复，正见陆游「雄浑悲壮」的本色。诵读此诗，宜以悲壮的语调读「天宝胡兵陷两京」的沦陷，以昂扬的语调读「凉州女儿满高楼」的恢复，结句要读得明快而有余韵，方能传达出陆游的雄浑悲壮。陆游古诗以「雄浑悲壮」著称，此诗正是其记梦七古的典范。

Line by line

凉州女儿满高楼，梳头已学京都样

Liangzhou's girls fill the high towers; their coiffure already copies the capital's style.

凉州女儿满在高楼，梳头已学京都模样。

Liangzhou's maidens fill the high towers; their hair-dressing has already learned the capital's fashion.

此二句是全诗写恢复的核心，以凉州女儿写凉州，以梳头已学京都样写恢复，写尽凉州的恢复，是千古名句。「凉州女儿满高楼」写凉州女儿满在高楼——那「凉州女儿」写凉州女儿，「满高楼」写满在高楼，写尽凉州的繁华；「梳头已学京都样」写梳头已学京都模样——那「梳头」写梳头，「已学京都样」写已学京都模样，写尽凉州的恢复。这句的深意在于：它以「凉州女儿满高楼」的繁华与「梳头已学京都样」的恢复，写尽凉州的恢复——凉州女儿满在高楼，那「凉州女儿满高楼」写尽凉州的繁华——凉州女儿满在高楼，正是城邑繁丽的写照，那「满高楼」写尽凉州的繁华；梳头已学京都模样，那「梳头已学京都样」写尽凉州的恢复——梳头已学京都样式，正是凉州恢复中原风俗的写照，那「已学京都样」写尽凉州的恢复；那「凉州女儿满高楼」写尽凉州的繁华，那「梳头已学京都样」写尽凉州的恢复，一写繁华，一写恢复，写尽凉州的恢复——女儿学京都样，正是故地重光的标志；此二句以繁华、恢复写尽凉州的恢复，也让此二句成为全诗写恢复的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「凉州收复了」，则失其细节；唯以「凉州女儿满高楼」写繁华、「梳头已学京都样」写恢复，写尽凉州的恢复，也让此二句成为全诗写恢复的核心。

These two lines are the core of the poem on recovery, writing through the Liangzhou girls and the capital-style coiffure the recovery of Liangzhou, an age-old celebrated couplet. 'Liangzhou's girls fill the high towers' writes the girls of Liangzhou crowding the tall buildings, exhausting the prosperity of the town. 'Their coiffure already copies the capital's style' writes that the hairstyle has taken the capital's fashion, exhausting the recovery of the old ways. The deep meaning lies in setting the prosperity of the girls in the towers against the capital-style hair—the girls copying the capital's fashion is precisely the sign of the recovered homeland; it made these two lines the core and celebrated verse on recovery.

天宝胡兵陷两京，北庭安西无汉营

In Tianbao's reign the rebel host took both capitals; of Beiting and Anxi, no Han encampment remains.

天宝年间胡兵陷两京，北庭安西已无汉营。

In the Tianbao era the rebel troops fell upon the two capitals; of the Beiting and Anxi garrisons, no Han camp is left.

此二句是全诗写沦陷的核心，以天宝胡兵写史实，以北庭安西写故地，写尽故地的沦陷，是千古名句。「天宝胡兵陷两京」写天宝年间胡兵陷两京——那「天宝胡兵」写天宝的胡兵，「陷两京」写攻陷两京，写尽安史之乱的史实；「北庭安西无汉营」写北庭安西已无汉营——那「北庭安西」写北庭安西都护府，「无汉营」写已无汉营，写尽西域的失守。这句的深意在于：它以「天宝胡兵陷两京」的史实与「北庭安西无汉营」的故地，写尽故地的沦陷——天宝年间胡兵陷两京，那「天宝胡兵陷两京」写尽安史之乱的史实——天宝十四载，安史之乱起，两京沦陷，那「陷两京」写尽故都的沦陷；北庭安西已无汉营，那「北庭安西无汉营」写尽西域的失守——北庭安西，本是唐在西域的营垒，而今已无汉营，那「无汉营」写尽西域的失守；那「天宝胡兵陷两京」写尽安史之乱的史实，那「北庭安西无汉营」写尽西域的失守，一写中原，一写西域，写尽故地的沦陷——两京陷而西域失，正是汉唐故地的全失；此二句以史实、故地写尽故地的沦陷，也为后文的亲征作铺垫，也让此二句成为全诗写沦陷的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「安史之乱后国土沦丧」，则失其具体；唯以「天宝胡兵陷两京」写史实、「北庭安西无汉营」写故地，写尽故地的沦陷，也让此二句成为全诗写沦陷的核心。

These two lines are the core of the poem on the lost land, writing through the Tianbao rebellion and the absent western garrisons the fall of the old territory, an age-old celebrated couplet. 'In Tianbao's reign the rebel host took both capitals' writes the An Lushan rebellion of the Tianbao era, the two capitals fallen, exhausting the historical fact. 'Of Beiting and Anxi, no Han encampment remains' writes the Beiting and Anxi protectorates, no Han camp left, exhausting the loss of the western regions. The deep meaning lies in setting the fall of the central plain against the loss of the west—the two capitals fallen and the west lost, precisely the total loss of the Han and Tang homeland; it paves the way for the imperial expedition below, and made these two lines the core and celebrated verse on the lost land.

Study

Word focus

亲征 'The, personal, campaign' — the campaign of the personal, the decree of the middle. 「圣主下诏初亲征」之「亲征」是写热望的关键词，一个「亲征」写尽收复的热望。亲征者，皇帝亲率军队征伐也。陆游以「圣主下诏初亲征」写亲征，这个「亲征」至少有双重意味：其一，写亲征之盛——那「圣主下诏初亲征」写圣主下诏初行亲征，那「亲征」写尽亲征的盛况——皇帝亲征，正是收复的象征，那「亲征」写尽亲征的隆重；其二，写热望之切——那「亲征」更是写热望——亲征，正是陆游梦寐以求的收复之举，那「亲征」写尽收复的热望。以「亲征」写热望，正是陆游写爱国的枢纽——若换作「出征」「北伐」等词，则或失其与「圣主下诏」的配合，或失其写亲征的意味；唯「亲征」二字，以圣主下诏初亲征写尽亲征的盛况与收复的热望，与「天宝胡兵陷两京」的沦陷相合，写尽对收复故地的热望，也让「圣主下诏初亲征」成为全诗写热望的名句。

京都样 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「梳头已学京都样」之「京都样」是写恢复的关键词，一个「京都样」写尽凉州的恢复。京都样者，京城的式样也。陆游以「梳头已学京都样」写凉州恢复，这个「京都样」至少有双重意味：其一，写风习之复——那「梳头已学京都样」写梳头已学京都模样，那「京都样」写尽中原风习的恢复——梳头学京都样，正是凉州恢复中原风习的写照，那「京都样」写尽风习的恢复；其二，写故地之光——那「京都样」更是写故地重光——学京都样，正见凉州已回归华夏，那「京都样」写尽故地重光的欣喜。以「京都样」写恢复，正是陆游写爱国的枢纽——若换作「京城样」「中原样」等词，则或失其与「梳头」的配合，或失其写京都的意味；唯「京都样」二字，以梳头已学京都样写尽中原风习的恢复与故地重光的欣喜，与「凉州女儿满高楼」的凉州相合，写尽凉州的恢复，也让「梳头已学京都样」成为全诗写恢复的名句。