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宋 Song · 诗 Poem

雪夜感旧

The, Snowy, Night, Recalling, the, Old, Days

陆游

Lu You

感慨Theme 怀旧memory

江月亭前桦烛香，龙门阁上驮声长。
乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当。
晚岁犹思事鞍马，当时那信老耕桑。
绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行。

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Meaning

A poem of the snow and the memory, written by Lu You. Before the pavilion of the River Moon the birch candles fragrant, on the Longmen tower the sounds of the pack horses long — the journey of the opening. The wild mountains the old post stations passing the three folds, the small market the lone city lodging the two Dang — the journey of the middle. In the late years still thinking of the serving the saddle and the horse, at the time how could I believe the old in the plowing and the mulberry — the regret of the middle. And the close's the green sunken the gold locks all fallen to the dust, the snow sprinkling the cold lamp the tears a few lines — the close's tears. The poem is the snow and the memory: the journey, the regret, and the close's tears.

江月亭前桦烛香，龙门阁上驮声长。乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当。晚岁犹思事鞍马，当时那信老耕桑。绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] Before, the, pavilion, of, the, River, Moon, the, birch, candles, fragrant, on, the, Longmen, tower, the, sounds, of, the, pack, horses, long. The, wild, mountains, the, old, post, stations, passing, the, three, folds, the, small, market, the, lone, city, lodging, the, two, Dang. In, the, late, years, still, thinking, of, the, serving, the, saddle, and, the, horse, at, the, time, how, could, I, believe, the, old, in, the, plowing, and, the, mulberry. The, green, sunken, the, gold, locks, all, fallen, to, the, dust, the, snow, sprinkling, the, cold, lamp, the, tears, a, few, lines. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the journey of the birch candles and the pack horses with the post stations, through the regret of the late years with the saddle and the horse, to the close's the tears of the cold lamp. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the tears: the green sunken the gold locks all fallen to the dust, and the close's the snow sprinkling the cold lamp the tears a few lines — the memory gathered in the regret and the close's tears. [Emotional Tone] Recalling, regretting, and sorrowful: the poem is the journey, the regret and the close's tears.

【白话串讲】陆游写《雪夜感旧》：“江月亭前桦烛香，龙门阁上驮声长”——“乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当”——“晚岁犹思事鞍马，当时那信老耕桑”——“绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行”——他雪夜怀旧——晚岁犹思事鞍马。【意象与手法】此诗写感旧，以怀旧写感慨，是陆游的名篇。前二联写旧游：「江月亭前桦烛香，龙门阁上驮声长。乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当」写江月亭前桦烛香、乱山古驿经三折——写尽南郑的旧游；后二联写感慨：「晚岁犹思事鞍马，当时那信老耕桑。绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行」写晚岁犹思事鞍马、雪洒寒灯泪数行——写尽晚岁的感慨。全诗以怀旧写感慨，写尽南郑的旧游与晚岁的感慨，是陆游的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写感旧，以怀旧写感慨，是陆游的名篇。此诗写陆游晚年雪夜回忆当年南郑从军的旧事。陆游中年曾在南郑（今陕西汉中）入四川宣抚使王炎幕府，亲临抗金前线，那是他一生最难忘的从军岁月；晚年家居，雪夜追忆，感慨万千。此诗写旧游：江月亭前桦烛香，龙门阁上驮声长——写江月亭前桦烛香、龙门阁上驮声长，写尽南郑的夜驿；乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当——写乱山古驿经三折、小市孤城宿两当，写尽行军的驿路；晚岁犹思事鞍马，当时那信老耕桑——写晚岁犹思事鞍马、当时那信老耕桑，写尽晚岁的感慨；绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行——写绿沉金锁俱尘委、雪洒寒灯泪数行，写尽末路的悲凉。全诗以怀旧写感慨——那「乱山古驿」写尽南郑的旧游，「雪洒寒灯泪数行」写尽晚岁的感慨，写尽南郑的旧游与晚岁的感慨，是理解陆游爱国诗的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当」写南郑的旧游；「绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行」写晚岁的感慨；以及全诗以怀旧写感慨、以今昔对照的手法。

Background

Lu You (1125-1210), the great poet of the Southern Song, wrote this 'The, Snowy, Night, Recalling, the, Old, Days' of the snow and the memory — the recollection of the frontier journey. The journey of the birch candles and the pack horses, the regret of the late years, and the close's the tears of the cold lamp — the poem gathers the memory of the poet, the grief of the unfulfilled ambition. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the memory.

此诗写感旧，以怀旧写感慨，是陆游的名篇。陆游（1125—1210），字务观，号放翁，越州山阴（今浙江绍兴）人，南宋爱国诗人。此诗写陆游晚年雪夜回忆当年南郑从军的旧事。陆游中年曾在南郑（今陕西汉中）入四川宣抚使王炎幕府，亲临抗金前线，那是他一生最难忘的从军岁月；晚年家居，雪夜追忆，感慨万千。此诗写旧游：「江月亭前桦烛香，龙门阁上驮声长」写江月亭前桦烛香、龙门阁上驮声长——写尽南郑的夜驿（江月亭前桦烛香，龙门阁上驮声长）；「乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当」写乱山古驿经三折、小市孤城宿两当——写尽行军的驿路（乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当）；「绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行」写绿沉金锁俱尘委、雪洒寒灯泪数行——写尽末路的悲凉（绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行）。全诗以怀旧写感慨，写尽南郑的旧游与晚岁的感慨，是理解陆游爱国诗的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the tears. The journey opens: before, the, pavilion, of, the, River, Moon, the, birch, candles, fragrant — the birch candles of the River Moon; on, the, Longmen, tower, the, sounds, of, the, pack, horses, long — the pack horses of the Longmen. The journey follows: the, wild, mountains, the, old, post, stations, passing, the, three, folds — the old post stations of the three folds; the, small, market, the, lone, city, lodging, the, two, Dang — the lone city of the two Dang. The regret follows: in, the, late, years, still, thinking, of, the, serving, the, saddle, and, the, horse — the saddle and the horse of the late years; at, the, time, how, could, I, believe, the, old, in, the, plowing, and, the, mulberry — the plowing and the mulberry of the belief. And the close gathers the tears: the, green, sunken, the, gold, locks, all, fallen, to, the, dust — the gold locks of the fallen to the dust; the, snow, sprinkling, the, cold, lamp, the, tears, a, few, lines — the tears of the cold lamp — the journey, the regret and the close's tears, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以追忆写旧游。「江月亭前桦烛香」以追忆写旧游——那「桦烛香」「驮声长」写尽夜驿的旧景，以追忆写尽南郑的旧游。其二，以地名写行迹。「乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当」以地名写行迹——那「三折」「两当」写尽驿路的地名，以地名写尽行军的驿路。其三，以对照写今昔。「晚岁犹思事鞍马，当时那信老耕桑」以对照写今昔——那「犹思」「那信」写尽今昔的对照，以对照写尽晚岁的感慨。其四，以泪写悲凉。「雪洒寒灯泪数行」以泪写悲凉——那「泪数行」写尽泪落的悲凉，以泪写尽末路的悲凉。此外，此诗前二联写南郑的旧游，后二联写晚岁的感慨，由昔及今，正是感旧诗「今昔对照」的写法。四重手法，使此诗以怀旧写感慨，写尽南郑的旧游与晚岁的感慨，是陆游的代表作。此诗还善于以物写志——那「绿沉金锁俱尘委」以兵器的蒙尘，暗写报国之志的落空，枪甲尘委正是壮志蒙尘的象征，物象之中有无限悲慨。又善以时空对照——前二联追忆南郑从军的壮年，后二联写雪夜感旧的老境，今昔对照，正见「壮岁旌旗拥万夫」与「老耕桑」的巨大落差。

Allusions

'The River Moon' (jiang yue) is the River Moon — the pavilion of the River Moon, the journey of the opening; 'the Longmen' (long men) is the Longmen — the tower of the Longmen, the journey of the opening; 'the two Dang' (liang dang) are the two Dang — the two Dang counties, the lodging of the middle; 'the green sunken' (lü chen) is the green sunken — the green and the sunken, the weapons of the close.

此诗的用语深植于感旧与爱国传统。「桦烛」令人想到「桦烛」写烛的意象——桦烛为桦皮卷烛，军中夜用，也令人想到「江月亭前桦烛香」的意象；「驮声」令人想到「驮声」写驮马的意象——也令人想到「铁马秋风大散关」的意象；「三折」「两当」令人想到「三折」「两当」写地名的意象——三折为驿名，两当为县名，均在陕甘道上，也令人想到「三折肱为良医」的意象；「鞍马」令人想到「鞍马」写从军的意象——也令人想到「横戈马上」的意象；「绿沉金锁」令人想到「绿沉金锁」写兵器的意象——绿沉为枪名，金锁为甲名，也令人想到「金戈铁马」的意象；「寒灯」令人想到「寒灯」写孤灯的意象——也令人想到「夜阑卧听风吹雨，铁马冰河入梦来」（陆游）的意象。全诗化用桦烛、驮声、鞍马、绿沉金锁的意象，以怀旧写感慨，正是陆游「爱国」而善写从军、承感旧传统写感慨的本领。「三折」「两当」为陕甘道上真实的地名——三折为驿名，两当为县名，陆游以真实地名入诗，正见其诗史笔法，也令人想到其《书愤》「楼船夜雪瓜洲渡，铁马秋风大散关」的地名对举。又「驮声」写驮马之声，令人想到「铁马冰河入梦来」的铁马意象；「桦烛」为军中夜用之物，正见戎马生涯的细节。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Lu You's poems of the memory, quoted for the journey of its opening and the sorrow of its close. The pack horses of the Longmen, and the tears of the cold lamp, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's regret: the memory gathered in the ambition, to the close's tears.

此诗历来被推为陆游感旧诗的名篇，也是南宋爱国诗人写从军记忆的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以怀旧写感慨，沉郁悲凉」；近人更指出「雪洒寒灯泪数行」写晚岁的感慨，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以八句的七律写尽南郑的旧游与晚岁的感慨——那江月亭，那桦烛，那龙门阁，那驮声，那乱山古驿，那小市孤城，那鞍马，那绿沉金锁，那寒灯，那泪数行，都写尽了陆游笔下的雪夜；那「雪洒寒灯泪数行」更以泪写尽晚岁的悲凉。此诗与陆游《书愤》（「楼船夜雪瓜洲渡」）同为感旧名篇，一写「镜中衰鬓已先斑」的书愤（书愤），一写「雪洒寒灯泪数行」的感旧（雪夜感旧）；又与辛弃疾「醉里挑灯看剑」的从军记忆传统一脉相承，可见南宋爱国诗人的共同情怀。对于今日读者，此诗是理解陆游爱国诗的窗口，也是中国诗写从军记忆的经典——那雪洒寒灯的老泪，穿越千年，仍在诉说着报国无门的悲凉。

Prosody

Form A regulated poem of the memory (qi yan lü shi)诗·七言律诗

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the regulated poem that carries the sorrowful regret.七律，押「香」「长」「当」「桑」「行」韵（下平七阳），一韵到底，音节沉郁

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the tears: the level opening with the journey, the turning with the regret, and the close's fall with the tears.此诗为七言律诗，押平声韵，一韵到底，音节沉郁，正合感慨的沉郁。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its sorrow: the cadences of the regulated poem, and the close — 'xue sa han deng lei shu hang' — falls with the lines, the sound of the grief of the memory poet.此诗为七言律诗，八句——「江月亭前桦烛香，龙门阁上驮声长。乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当。晚岁犹思事鞍马，当时那信老耕桑。绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行」，押「阳」韵（香、长、当、桑、行），一韵到底，音节沉郁。全诗以怀旧写感慨：前二联写南郑的旧游（江月亭前桦烛香、乱山古驿经三折），后二联写晚岁的感慨（晚岁犹思事鞍马、雪洒寒灯泪数行）。八句长篇，前写旧游，后写感慨，以「雪洒寒灯泪数行」写尽晚岁的悲凉，正见陆游「沉郁顿挫」的本色。诵读此诗，宜以沉郁的语调读「乱山古驿经三折」的旧游，以悲凉的语调读「雪洒寒灯泪数行」的感慨，结句要读得沉郁而有余韵，方能传达出陆游的沉郁悲凉。陆游七律以「雄浑沉郁」著称，此诗正是其感旧律诗的典范。

Line by line

绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行

Green-painted spear and golden lock, alike abandoned to dust; snow drifts on the cold lamp, and tears run down.

绿沉金锁俱尘委，雪洒寒灯泪数行。

Green spear and golden armor are alike buried in dust; snow falls on the cold lamp as tears trace their lines.

此二句是全诗写悲凉的核心，以绿沉金锁俱尘委写兵器，以雪洒寒灯泪数行写泪，写尽晚岁的悲凉，是千古名句。「绿沉金锁俱尘委」写绿沉金锁俱尘委——那「绿沉金锁」写绿沉金锁，「俱尘委」写俱尘委，写尽兵器的蒙尘；「雪洒寒灯泪数行」写雪洒寒灯泪数行——那「雪洒寒灯」写雪洒寒灯，「泪数行」写泪数行，写尽泪落的悲凉。这句的深意在于：它以「绿沉金锁俱尘委」的兵器与「雪洒寒灯泪数行」的泪，写尽晚岁的悲凉——绿沉金锁俱尘委，那「绿沉金锁俱尘委」写尽兵器的蒙尘——当年的枪甲，俱已蒙尘，正是报国无门的写照，那「俱尘委」写尽兵器的弃置；雪洒寒灯泪数行，那「雪洒寒灯泪数行」写尽泪落的悲凉——雪洒寒灯，泪流数行，正是雪夜感旧的写照，那「泪数行」写尽晚岁的悲凉；那「绿沉金锁俱尘委」写尽兵器的蒙尘，那「雪洒寒灯泪数行」写尽泪落的悲凉，一写兵器，一写泪，写尽晚岁的悲凉——枪甲蒙尘而老泪纵横，正是报国无门的写照；此二句以兵器、泪写尽晚岁的悲凉，也让此二句成为全诗写悲凉的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「我老了不能打仗很难过」，则失其沉郁；唯以「绿沉金锁俱尘委」写兵器、「雪洒寒灯泪数行」写泪，写尽晚岁的悲凉，也让此二句成为全诗写悲凉的核心。

These lines are the desolation heart of the poem, weapons in dust and tears by the snow-lamp. 'Green-painted spear and golden lock' name the veteran's arms—green-painted spear, gold-mounted armor; 'alike abandoned to dust' writes their years of neglect, the martial dream dead. 'Snow on the cold lamp, tears run down' sets the snow outside against the tears within, the old soldier weeping at the unlit arms. The dust on the weapons is the grief of a lifetime's loyalty unused. If stated as 'I am old and cannot fight, I grieve,' the gravity would fade; only through the dust-fallen arms and the tears at the cold lamp does the late sorrow thicken.

乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当

Through tumbled hills and old post-roads I passed the Three Turns; in a small market, a lone town, I lodged at Liangdang.

乱山古驿经三折，小市孤城宿两当。

Through rugged mountains and ancient relays I crossed the Three Bends; in a tiny market, a lone town, I stayed at Liangdang.

此二句是全诗写旧游的核心，以乱山古驿经三折写驿路，以小市孤城宿两当写宿处，写尽南郑的旧游，是千古名句。「乱山古驿经三折」写乱山古驿经三折——那「乱山古驿」写乱山古驿，「经三折」写经三折，写尽驿路的曲折；「小市孤城宿两当」写小市孤城宿两当——那「小市孤城」写小市孤城，「宿两当」写宿两当，写尽宿处的孤城。这句的深意在于：它以「乱山古驿经三折」的驿路与「小市孤城宿两当」的宿处，写尽南郑的旧游——乱山古驿经三折，那「乱山古驿经三折」写尽驿路的曲折——乱山之中的古驿，经过三折之路，正是行军的写照，那「经三折」写尽驿路的曲折；小市孤城宿两当，那「小市孤城宿两当」写尽宿处的孤城——小市孤城，夜宿两当，正是从军的写照，那「宿两当」写尽宿处的偏远；那「乱山古驿经三折」写尽驿路的曲折，那「小市孤城宿两当」写尽宿处的孤城，一写驿路，一写宿处，写尽南郑的旧游——乱山驿路与小市孤城，正是南郑从军的写照；此二句以驿路、宿处写尽南郑的旧游，也为后二联的感慨作铺垫，也让此二句成为全诗写旧游的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「当年我在前线奔波」，则失其画面；唯以「乱山古驿经三折」写驿路、「小市孤城宿两当」写宿处，写尽南郑的旧游，也让此二句成为全诗写旧游的核心。

These lines are the old-roaming heart of the poem, the post-road through tumbled hills and the lone town of Liangdang. 'Tumbled hills, old post-road, the Three Turns' traces the hard marches of the soldier; 'small market, lone town, lodging at Liangdang' names the remote garrison town where he spent the night. The piled proper nouns—Three Turns, Liangdang—give the campaign route its gritty specificity. The memory of these marches sets off the present weapons-in-dust. If stated as 'I campaigned at the front then,' the picture would fade; only through the tumbled hills, the old relay, and the lone Liangdang does the old campaign return.

Study

Word focus

委 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「绿沉金锁俱尘委」之「委」字是写悲凉的关键词，一个「委」字写尽兵器的弃置。委者，委弃、弃置也。陆游以「绿沉金锁俱尘委」写悲凉，这个「委」字至少有双重意味：其一，写兵之弃——那「绿沉金锁俱尘委」写绿沉金锁俱尘委，那「委」字写尽兵器的弃置——绿沉金锁，俱已尘委，正是武器闲置的写照，那「委」字写尽兵器的弃置；其二，写志之违——那「委」字更是写违——尘委，正见报国之志的落空，那「委」字写尽晚岁的悲凉。以「委」字写悲凉，正是陆游写感慨的枢纽——若换作「弃」「积」等字，则或失其与「绿沉金锁」「尘」的配合，或失其写委的意味；唯「委」字，以绿沉金锁俱尘委写尽兵器的弃置与壮志的落空，与「雪洒寒灯泪数行」的泪相合，写尽晚岁的悲凉，也让「绿沉金锁俱尘委」成为全诗写悲凉的名句。

那 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「当时那信老耕桑」之「那」字是写今昔的关键词，一个「那」字写尽今昔的对照。那者，岂、哪也，表反问。陆游以「当时那信老耕桑」写今昔，这个「那」字至少有双重意味：其一，写昔之壮——那「当时那信老耕桑」写当时那信老耕桑，那「那」字写尽当年的意气——当年哪会相信老于耕桑，正是少壮气盛的写照，那「那」字写尽昔日的壮志；其二，写今之衰——那「那」字更是写衰——那信，正见今日之衰，那「那」字写尽晚岁的感慨。以「那」字写今昔，正是陆游写感慨的枢纽——若换作「岂」「安」等字，则或失其与「当时」「信」的配合，或失其写那的意味；唯「那」字，以当时那信老耕桑写尽当年的意气与今日的衰颓，与「晚岁犹思事鞍马」的犹思相合，写尽晚岁的感慨，也让「当时那信老耕桑」成为全诗写今昔的名句。