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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

野老

The, Old, Man, of, the, Wild

杜甫

Du Fu

乱离Theme 写景Scenery

野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开。
渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来。
长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台。
王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀。

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Meaning

A poem of the river and the grief, written by Du Fu. The old man of the wild before the hedge the river bank winding, the thorn gate not straight following the river opening — the river of the opening. The fishermen the nets gathered below the clear pool, the merchant boats following the setting light coming — the scenes of the middle. The long road of the concern grieving the Sword Pass, the lone cloud why meaning to rest by the Terrace of the Zither — the grief of the middle. And the close's the royal army not yet reporting the recovering the eastern commanderies, the city walls in the autumn giving birth to the horn the sorrowful — the close's sorrow. The poem is the river and the grief: the scenes, the concern, and the close's horn.

野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开。渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来。长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台。王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] The, old, man, of, the, wild, before, the, hedge, the, river, bank, winding, the, thorn, gate, not, straight, following, the, river, opening. The, fishermen, the, nets, gathered, below, the, clear, pool, the, merchant, boats, following, the, setting, light, coming. The, long, road, of, the, concern, grieving, the, Sword, Pass, the, lone, cloud, why, meaning, to, rest, by, the, Terrace, of, the, Zither. The, royal, army, not, yet, reporting, the, recovering, the, eastern, commanderies, the, city, walls, in, the, autumn, giving, birth, to, the, horn, the, sorrowful. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the river of the old man with the thorn gate and the fishermen, through the concern of the long road with the lone cloud, to the close's the sorrow of the horn. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the sorrow: the long road of the concern grieving the Sword Pass, and the close's the royal army not yet reporting the recovering the eastern commanderies the city walls in the autumn giving birth to the horn the sorrowful — the river gathered in the concern and the close's horn. [Emotional Tone] Scene, concerned, and sorrowful: the poem is the river, the concern and the close's horn.

【白话串讲】杜甫写《野老》：“野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开”——“长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台”——“王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀”——他写自己困居成都，心忧国事。【意象与手法】此诗写江村秋景与忧国的感慨，以景写忧，是杜甫的名篇。前四句写景：「野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开」写野老篱前江岸回环、柴门不正逐江而开，「渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来」写渔人网集澄潭之下、贾客船随返照而来——写尽江村秋景；后四句写忧：「长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台」写长路关心而悲剑阁、片云何意而傍琴台，「王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀」写王师未报收东郡、城阙秋生画角哀——写尽忧国的感慨。全诗以景写忧，写尽江村秋景与忧国的感慨，是杜甫的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写江村秋景与忧国的感慨，以景写忧，是杜甫的名篇。此诗作于唐肃宗上元元年（760）秋，杜甫居成都浣花草堂时。此诗写野老（杜甫自称）：野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开——写野老（诗人）篱前江岸回环、柴门不正逐江而开，写尽江村的居所；渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来——写渔人网集澄潭之下、贾客船随返照而来，写尽江村的秋景；长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台——写长路关心而悲剑阁（入蜀之路）、片云何意而傍琴台，写尽对故乡的牵挂；王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀——写王师未报收东郡（安史之乱未平）、城阙秋生画角哀，写尽忧国的感慨。全诗以景写忧——那「渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来」写尽江村秋景，「王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀」写尽忧国的感慨，写尽江村秋景与忧国的感慨，是理解杜甫草堂诗的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开」写江村的居所；「渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来」写江村秋景；「王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀」写忧国的感慨；以及全诗以景写忧、由景入情的手法。

Background

Du Fu (712-770), the great poet of the Tang, wrote this 'The, Old, Man, of, the, Wild' of the river and the grief — the grief of the exile in the Chengdu. The river of the old man with the thorn gate, the concern of the long road, and the close's the sorrow of the horn — the poem gathers the grief of the poet, the concern of the country. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the Chengdu.

此诗写江村秋景与忧国的感慨，以景写忧，是杜甫的名篇。杜甫（712—770），字子美，巩县（今河南巩义）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，人称「诗圣」。此诗作于唐肃宗上元元年（760）秋，杜甫居成都浣花草堂时。安史之乱未平，杜甫虽得草堂安居，然心忧国事。此诗写野老（杜甫自称）：「野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开」写野老篱前江岸回环、柴门不正逐江而开——写尽江村的居所；「渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来」写渔人网集澄潭之下、贾客船随返照而来——写尽江村的秋景；「长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台」写长路关心而悲剑阁（剑阁，入蜀之险路）、片云何意而傍琴台（琴台，成都古迹）——写尽对故乡的牵挂；「王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀」写王师未报收东郡（东郡未收，安史之乱未平）、城阙秋生画角哀——写尽忧国的感慨。全诗以景写忧，写尽江村秋景与忧国的感慨，是理解杜甫草堂诗的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the sorrow. The river opens: the, old, man, of, the, wild, before, the, hedge, the, river, bank, winding — the old man of the hedge; the, thorn, gate, not, straight, following, the, river, opening — the thorn gate of the opening. The scenes follow: the, fishermen, the, nets, gathered, below, the, clear, pool — the nets of the fishermen; the, merchant, boats, following, the, setting, light, coming — the merchant boats of the setting light. The concern follows: the, long, road, of, the, concern, grieving, the, Sword, Pass — the long road of the Sword Pass; the, lone, cloud, why, meaning, to, rest, by, the, Terrace, of, the, Zither — the lone cloud of the Terrace of the Zither. And the close gathers the sorrow: the, royal, army, not, yet, reporting, the, recovering, the, eastern, commanderies — the eastern commanderies of the recovering; the, city, walls, in, the, autumn, giving, birth, to, the, horn, the, sorrowful — the horn of the autumn — the river, the concern and the close's sorrow, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以白描写居所。首联「野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开」以白描写居所——那「篱前江岸回」写尽江岸的回环，「柴门不正逐江开」写尽柴门逐江而开的随性，以白描写尽江村的居所。其二，以对仗写秋景。颔联「渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来」以对仗写秋景——那「渔人网集」对「贾客船随」、「澄潭下」对「返照来」，以对仗写尽江村秋景的繁忙与明净。其三，以议论写牵挂。颈联「长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台」以议论写牵挂——那「长路关心悲剑阁」写尽对入蜀之路的牵挂、「片云何意傍琴台」写尽以片云自比而傍琴台的漂泊，以议论写尽对故乡的牵挂。其四，以景收束写忧国。尾联「王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀」以景收束写忧国——那「王师未报收东郡」写尽王师未报、「城阙秋生画角哀」写尽画角之哀，以景收束，写尽忧国的感慨。四重手法，使此诗以景写忧，写尽江村秋景与忧国的感慨，是杜甫的代表作。

Allusions

'The old man of the wild' (ye lao) is the old man of the wild — the old man of the countryside, the poet of the opening; 'the Sword Pass' (jian ge) is the Sword Pass — the pass of the sword, the grief of the middle; 'the Terrace of the Zither' (qin tai) is the Terrace of the Zither — the terrace of the Sima Xiangru, the resting of the middle.

此诗的用语深植于江村与忧国的传统。「野老篱前江岸回」令人想到「野老」写乡野老人的意象——杜甫自称野老，也令人想到「篱」写篱笆的意象——「采菊东篱下」（陶渊明）；「柴门不正逐江开」令人想到「柴门」写柴门的意象——「柴门鸟雀噪」，也令人想到「逐江开」写随江而开的意象；「渔人网集澄潭下」令人想到「渔人」写渔人的意象——「渔人得利」，也令人想到「澄潭」写清澈潭水的意象；「贾客船随返照来」令人想到「贾客」写商人的意象，也令人想到「返照」写落日余晖的意象——「返照入江翻石壁」；「长路关心悲剑阁」令人想到「剑阁」写剑阁的意象——「剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬」（李白《蜀道难》），也令人想到「长路」写长路的意象；「片云何意傍琴台」令人想到「琴台」写成都琴台的典故——司马相如与卓文君琴台，也令人想到「片云」写片云的意象——杜甫以片云自比；「王师未报收东郡」令人想到「王师」写朝廷军队的意象——「王师北定中原日」（陆游），也令人想到「东郡」写东郡（安史之乱未平的东郡）的意象；「城阙秋生画角哀」令人想到「画角」写画角的意象——画角为军乐器，也令人想到「城阙」写城阙的意象——「城阙辅三秦」（王勃）。全诗化用剑阁、琴台、王师、画角的典故与意象，以景写忧，正是杜甫「沉郁顿挫」而善用对仗、承江村忧国传统写感慨的本领。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Du Fu's poems of the Chengdu, quoted for the scenes of its opening and the concern of its close. The thorn gate of the river, and the horn of the autumn, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's concern: the river gathered in the grief, to the close's horn.

此诗历来被推为杜甫草堂诗的名篇，也是唐人写江村秋景的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以景写忧，情景交融」；近人更指出「渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来」写江村秋景，「王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀」写忧国的感慨，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以八句的律诗写尽江村秋景与忧国的感慨——那篱前江岸的回环，那不正的柴门，那网集澄潭的渔人，那随返照来的贾客船，那长路关心的剑阁，那傍琴台的片云，那未报的王师，那画角哀的城阙，都写尽了杜甫江村秋景与忧国的感慨；那「王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀」更写尽身在草堂而心忧国事的感慨。此诗与杜甫《江村》（「清江一曲抱村流」）同为草堂诗，一写「长夏江村事事幽」的闲适，一写「城阙秋生画角哀」的忧国；又与《秋兴八首》「丛菊两开他日泪」的秋愁传统一脉相承，可见杜甫身在江湖而心忧魏阙的品格。对于今日读者，此诗是理解杜甫草堂诗的窗口，也是中国诗写江村秋景与忧国的经典——那秋生的画角，穿越千年，仍在诉说着诗人的忧国。

Prosody

Form A regulated poem of the grief (qi yan lü shi)诗·七言律诗

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the regulated poem that carries the sorrowful concern.七律，押「开」「来」「台」「哀」韵（上平十灰），一韵到底，对仗工整

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the sorrow: the level opening with the river, the turning with the concern, and the close's fall with the horn.此诗为七言律诗，押平声韵，一韵到底，对仗工整，音节沉郁，正合忧国感慨的沉郁。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its grief: the cadences of the regulated poem, and the close — 'cheng que qiu sheng hua jiao ai' — falls with the sorrowful, the sound of the concern of the river poet.此诗为七言律诗，八句四联——「野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开。渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来。长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台。王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀」，押「灰」韵（开、来、台、哀），一韵到底。颔联「渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来」与颈联「长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台」对仗工整。全诗以景写忧：前四句写江村秋景（野老篱前江岸回，柴门不正逐江开；渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来），后四句写忧国（长路关心悲剑阁，片云何意傍琴台；王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀）。诵读此诗，宜以闲适的语调读「渔人网集澄潭下」的秋景，以沉郁的语调读「王师未报收东郡」的忧国，结句「城阙秋生画角哀」要读得哀婉而有余韵，方能传达出杜甫的沉郁顿挫。杜甫律诗以「沉郁顿挫」著称，此诗正是其草堂律诗的典范。

Line by line

渔人网集澄潭下，贾客船随返照来

Fishermen gather their nets below the clear pool; merchant boats come with the setting sun.

渔人收网集于澄潭之下，商人的船随返照而来。

Fishermen haul their nets in the clear deep pool; the merchants' boats arrive on the returning glow.

此联是全诗写景的核心，以渔人网集写江村的繁忙，以返照写秋景的明净，写尽江村秋景，是千古名句。「渔人网集澄潭下」写渔人收网集于澄潭之下——那「渔人网集」写渔人收网，「澄潭下」写清澈潭水之下，写尽渔人劳作；「贾客船随返照来」写商人的船随返照而来——那「贾客船」写商船，「随返照来」写随落日余晖而来，写尽江船的往来。这句的深意在于：它以「渔人网集澄潭下」的劳作与「贾客船随返照来」的往来，写尽江村秋景——渔人收网集于澄潭之下，那「渔人网集澄潭下」写尽江村的渔事——渔人收网，集于澄潭之下，那「网集」写尽渔事的繁忙；商人的船随返照而来，那「贾客船随返照来」写尽江船的往来——商船随落日余晖而来，那「返照」写尽秋景的明净；那「渔人网集澄潭下」写尽江村的渔事，那「贾客船随返照来」写尽江船的往来，一写渔人，一写贾客，写尽江村秋景的繁忙与明净——这正是草堂外的江村，渔人贾客，各得其所；此联以对仗写尽江村秋景，也让此联成为全诗写景的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「江边很热闹」，则失其画面；唯以「渔人网集澄潭下」写渔事、「贾客船随返照来」写往来，写尽江村秋景的繁忙与明净，也让此联成为全诗写景的核心。

This couplet is the scenic heart of the poem, the fishermen's nets and the sunset-lit merchant boats. 'Fishermen gather nets below the clear pool' writes the riverside fishing at day's end; 'merchant boats come with the returning glow' traces the trade craft returning in the sunset light. The two occupations, fishing and trade, moving at evening, give the village river its busy yet clear picture. If stated as 'the riverside is busy,' the picture would fade; only through the gathered nets and the sunset boats does the autumn river bank breathe.

王师未报收东郡，城阙秋生画角哀

The royal army has yet to report the recovery of the eastern towns; autumn rises on the towers, and the painted horn sounds sad.

王师未报收复东郡，城阙秋生而画角哀鸣。

No news yet that the king's armies have recovered the eastern shires; autumn deepens on the city gates, and the painted horn wails.

此联是全诗写忧的核心，以王师未报写忧国，以画角哀写秋愁，写尽忧国的感慨，是千古名句。「王师未报收东郡」写王师未报收复东郡——那「王师未报」写王师未报捷，「收东郡」写收复东郡，写尽安史之乱未平；「城阙秋生画角哀」写城阙秋生而画角哀鸣——那「城阙秋生」写城阙秋生，「画角哀」写画角哀鸣，写尽秋日的哀愁。这句的深意在于：它以「王师未报收东郡」的未报与「城阙秋生画角哀」的画角哀，写尽忧国的感慨——王师未报收复东郡，那「王师未报收东郡」写尽安史之乱未平的忧虑——东郡未收，王师未报，那「未报」写尽对国事的牵挂；城阙秋生而画角哀鸣，那「城阙秋生画角哀」写尽秋日的哀愁——城阙秋生，画角哀鸣，那「画角哀」写尽秋愁与国忧的交织；那「王师未报收东郡」写尽安史之乱未平的忧虑，那「城阙秋生画角哀」写尽秋日的哀愁，一写未报，一写画角哀，写尽忧国的感慨——身在江村（野老），而心忧国事（王师未报），正是杜甫「位卑未敢忘忧国」的品格；此联以景收束写尽忧国的感慨，也让此联成为全诗写忧的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「我很担忧国事」，则失其含蓄；唯以「王师未报收东郡」写未报、「城阙秋生画角哀」写画角哀，写尽忧国的感慨，也让此联成为全诗写忧的核心。

This couplet is the worry-heart of the poem, no report of recovered towns and the sad autumn horn. 'The royal army has not yet reported the recovery of the eastern towns' writes the unfinished An Lushan rebellion, the poet's牵挂 for the lost provinces; 'autumn rises on the towers, the painted horn sounds sad' sets the autumn city and the military horn's lament. The village idyll of the first couplet turns, in this one, to national grief—the old man by the river still grieves for the state. If stated as 'I worry about the country,' the reserve would vanish; only through the unrecovered eastern towns and the wailing horn does the private scene open onto the nation.

Study

Word focus

不正 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「柴门不正逐江开」之「不正」是写随性的关键词，一个「不正」写尽柴门的随性。不正者，不端正、随意也。杜甫以「柴门不正」写柴门，这个「不正」至少有双重意味：其一，写柴门之陋——那「柴门不正逐江开」写柴门不正而逐江而开，那「不正」写尽柴门的简陋——柴门不正，正见居所的简陋；其二，写随性之趣——那「不正」更是写随性——柴门不正而逐江开，正见居所的随性自然，那「不正」写尽江村的野趣。以「不正」写柴门，正是杜甫写江村的枢纽——若换作「不整」「偏斜」等词，则或失其与「逐江开」的配合，或失其写随性的凝练；唯「不正」二字，以柴门不正写尽居所的简陋与江村的野趣，与「逐江开」的逐江相合，写尽江村的居所，也让「柴门不正逐江开」成为全诗写居所的名句。

哀 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「城阙秋生画角哀」之「哀」字是写忧的关键字，一个「哀」字写尽画角的哀鸣与忧国的感慨。哀者，悲哀、哀伤也。杜甫以「画角哀」写画角，这个「哀」字至少有双重意味：其一，写角声之哀——那「城阙秋生画角哀」写城阙秋生而画角哀鸣，那「哀」字写尽画角的哀鸣——画角为军乐器，其声本就悲凉，秋日听之更哀，那「哀」字写尽角声的悲凉；其二，写忧国之深——那「哀」字更是写忧——画角哀鸣，正见对国事的忧虑，那「哀」字写尽忧国的感慨。以「哀」字写画角，正是杜甫写忧国的枢纽——若换作「悲」「愁」等字，则或失其与「城阙秋生」的配合，或失其写角声哀鸣的凝练；唯「哀」字，以一字写尽画角的哀鸣与忧国的感慨，与「王师未报收东郡」的未报相合，写尽忧国的感慨，也让「城阙秋生画角哀」成为全诗写忧的名句。

野老