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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

伊州歌

The, Song, of, the, Prefecture, of, the, Yi

王维

Wang Wei

闺怨Theme 边塞Frontier

清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余。
征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书。

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Meaning

A poem of the longing and the letters, written by Wang Wei. The clear wind the bright moon the bitter longing, the wandering man serving in the army more than the ten years — the longing of the opening. When the man of the expedition went the earnest instruction, when the wild geese of the return came often send the letters — the instruction of the close. The poem is the longing and the letters: the wind and the moon, and the close's instruction.

清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余。征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] The, clear, wind, the, bright, moon, the, bitter, longing, the, wandering, man, serving, in, the, army, more, than, the, ten, years. When, the, man, of, the, expedition, went, the, earnest, instruction, when, the, wild, geese, of, the, return, came, often, send, the, letters. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the longing of the clear wind with the bright moon, through the years of the army, to the close's the instruction of the letters. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the instruction: the wandering man serving in the army more than the ten years, and the close's when the man of the expedition went the earnest instruction when the wild geese of the return came often send the letters — the longing gathered in the years and the close's letters. [Emotional Tone] Longing, tender, and sorrowful: the poem is the wind and the moon, and the close's instruction.

【白话串讲】王维写《伊州歌》：“清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余”——“征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书”——她苦等从军十年的丈夫——嘱咐他鸿雁来时捎信——他写征妇的思念。【意象与手法】此诗写思妇，以相思写征戍，是王维的名篇。前二句写相思：「清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余」写清风明月苦相思、荡子从戎十载余——写尽相思的深苦；后二句写嘱托：「征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书」写征人去日殷勤嘱、归雁来时数附书——写尽临别的嘱托。全诗以相思写征戍，写尽思妇的深苦与盼归之情，是王维的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写思妇，以相思写征戍，是王维的名篇。此诗写思妇怀念从军十年的丈夫。《伊州歌》本为乐曲名，王维用此调写征戍闺怨。此诗写相思：清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余——写清风明月苦相思、荡子从戎十载余，写尽相思的深苦；征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书——写征人去日殷勤嘱、归雁来时数附书，写尽临别的嘱托。全诗以相思写征戍——那「清风明月苦相思」写尽相思的深苦，「归雁来时数附书」写尽盼归的殷切，写尽思妇的深苦与盼归之情，是理解王维闺怨诗的重要篇章。还需从唐代征戍制度看此诗背景：盛唐边患频仍，征人戍边动辄经年，闺中思妇望归之情成为诗歌的重要题材。此诗「荡子从戎十载余」写征戍之久，正是唐代征戍生活的真实写照；而「归雁来时数附书」的嘱咐，既是思妇个人的殷切，也折射出当时音信难通的普遍现实。王维以此短短二十八字，写尽征戍背景下思妇的十年苦等，正是以个人写时代、以闺怨写征戍的本领。【名句点睛】常考「清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余」写相思的深苦；「征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书」写临别的嘱托；以及全诗以相思写征戍、以细节写深情的对比手法。

Background

Wang Wei (701-761), the great poet of the Tang, wrote this 'The, Song, of, the, Prefecture, of, the, Yi' of the longing and the letters — the longing of the frontier wife. The clear wind with the bright moon, and the close's the instruction of the letters — the poem gathers the longing of the wife, the tenderness of the frontier. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the longing.

此诗写思妇，以相思写征戍，是王维的名篇。王维（701—761），字摩诘，河东蒲州（今山西永济）人，唐代伟大的山水田园诗人，人称「诗佛」。《伊州歌》本为唐代乐曲名，伊州即今新疆哈密一带，为唐边地。王维用此调写征戍闺怨，此诗写思妇怀念从军十年的丈夫。「清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余」写清风明月苦相思、荡子从戎十载余——写尽相思的深苦（清风明月之下苦苦相思，荡子从军已十余年）；「征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书」写征人去日殷勤嘱、归雁来时数附书——写尽临别的嘱托（征人离去之日殷勤叮嘱，归雁来时多捎书信）。全诗以相思写征戍，写尽思妇的深苦与盼归之情，是理解王维闺怨诗的重要篇章。还应探讨《伊州歌》作为乐府旧题的意蕴：伊州为唐代安西都护府所辖之地（今新疆哈密一带），天宝后陷于吐蕃；《伊州》本为西域大曲，开元间传入中原。王维借《伊州歌》之题写征戍闺怨，正是以边地之曲写边地征人之思，曲调与内容相得益彰。诗中以「荡子从戎十载余」写征戍之久，暗含对连年征戍的感慨；而「归雁来时数附书」更以盼信写思妇之望归，在个人闺怨中寄托了对边塞征戍的深切关注，可见盛唐诗人于闺怨题材中寄寓的时代关怀。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the instruction. The longing opens: the, clear, wind, the, bright, moon, the, bitter, longing — the clear wind of the bitter longing; the, wandering, man, serving, in, the, army, more, than, the, ten, years — the wandering man of the ten years. The instruction follows: when, the, man, of, the, expedition, went, the, earnest, instruction — the earnest instruction of the going; when, the, wild, geese, of, the, return, came, often, send, the, letters — the letters of the wild geese — the longing, the years and the close's instruction, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以写景写相思。「清风明月苦相思」以写景写相思——那「清风明月」写尽清风明月的良夜，以写景写尽相思的深苦。尤可玩味「清风明月」四字——良辰美景，本宜双栖共赏，而思妇独守空闺，正是以乐景写哀情；「苦相思」之「苦」字，将清风明月之良夜与独守之孤寂对照，愈见相思之深苦，正是「以乐景写哀，一倍增其哀乐」的手法。其二，以对比写苦况。「清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余」以对比写苦况——那「清风明月」与「荡子从戎」对比，以对比写尽良夜独守的苦况。其三，以细节写深情。「征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书」以细节写深情——那「殷勤嘱」「数附书」写尽临别的嘱托，以细节写尽深情的牵挂。其四，以盼归写希望。全诗以归雁捎书写盼归，以盼归写尽思妇的希望。此外，此诗前二句写相思的深苦，后二句写临别的嘱托，由今忆昔，正是闺怨诗「抚今追昔」的写法。四重手法，使此诗以相思写征戍，写尽思妇的深苦与盼归之情，是王维的代表作。

Allusions

'The wild geese of the return' (gui yan) are the wild geese of the return — the geese of the return, the letters of the close; 'the clear wind the bright moon' (qing feng ming yue) are the clear wind the bright moon — the wind and the moon, the longing of the opening.

此诗的用语深植于闺怨与征戍的传统。「清风明月」令人想到「清风明月」写良夜的意象——「清风明月苦相思」正是王维的名句，也令人想到「清风明月不用一钱买」（李白）的清风明月意象；「荡子从戎」令人想到「荡子」写游子的意象——「荡子从戎十载余」正是王维的名句，也令人想到「荡子行不归」（《古诗十九首》）的荡子意象；「征人去日」令人想到「征人」写征人的意象——「征人去日殷勤嘱」正是王维的名句，也令人想到「闺中少妇不知愁」（王昌龄）的征人意象；「归雁」令人想到「归雁」写归雁的意象——「归雁来时数附书」正是王维的名句，也令人想到「雁足传书」的典故——苏武以雁足系帛书。全诗化用清风明月、荡子、归雁的意象，以相思写征戍，正是王维「平淡自然」而善写景、承闺怨传统写相思的本领。又「归雁」意象尤堪深味：古有雁足传书之说，思妇盼归雁捎书，正是将一腔相思寄托于南来北往的雁群，而「数附书」之「数」字，写尽屡次嘱咐、殷切盼望之情，一个「数」字，胜过千言万语。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Wang Wei's poems of the longing, quoted for the tenderness of its opening and the depth of its close. The bitter longing of the wind and the moon, and the letters of the wild geese, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's longing: the frontier gathered in the years, to the close's letters.

此诗历来被推为王维闺怨诗的名篇，也是唐人写征戍闺怨的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以相思写征戍，深情婉转」；近人更指出「征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书」以细节写深情，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以四句的绝句写尽思妇的深苦与盼归之情——那清风明月，那苦相思，那十载余的荡子，那殷勤嘱，那归雁，那数附书，都写尽了王维笔下的思妇；那「归雁来时数附书」更以细节写尽盼归的殷切。此诗与王昌龄《闺怨》（「悔教夫婿觅封侯」）同为闺怨名篇，一写「忽见陌头杨柳色」的闺怨（闺怨），一写「清风明月苦相思」的相思（伊州歌）；又与沈佺期《独不见》「十年征戍忆辽阳」的征戍传统一脉相承，可见唐代征戍闺怨的普遍。对于今日读者，此诗是理解王维闺怨诗的窗口，也是中国诗写征戍闺怨的经典——那归雁捎的书信，穿越千年，仍在诉说着思妇的深苦。

Prosody

Form A quatrain of the longing (qi yan jue ju)诗·七言绝句

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the quatrain that carries the tender longing.七绝，押「余」「书」韵（上平六鱼），一韵到底，音节婉转

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the letters: the level opening with the longing, the turning with the instruction, and the close's fall with the letters.此诗为七言绝句，押平声韵，一韵到底，音节婉转，正合闺怨的婉转。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its tenderness: the cadences of the quatrain, and the close — 'gui yan lai shi shu fu shu' — falls with the letters, the sound of the longing of the frontier wife.此诗为七言绝句，四句——「清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余。征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书」，押「鱼」韵（余、书），一韵到底，音节婉转。全诗以相思写征戍：前二句写相思的深苦（清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余），后二句写临别的嘱托（征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书）。四句短章，前写相思，后写嘱托，以「归雁来时数附书」写尽盼归的殷切，正见王维「平淡自然」的本色。诵读此诗，宜以婉转的语调读「清风明月苦相思」的相思，以殷切的语调读「归雁来时数附书」的嘱托，结句要读得低回而有余韵，方能传达出王维的平淡自然。王维绝句以「诗中有画」著称，此诗正是其闺怨绝句的典范。

Line by line

征人去日殷勤嘱，归雁来时数附书

When the soldier left, she charged him with tender words; when the geese return, let them often bring letters.

征人离去之日殷勤叮嘱，归雁来时多捎书信。

On the day the soldier departed, she earnestly charged him; when the wild geese come back, he must send her many letters.

此二句是全诗写嘱托的核心，以征人去日殷勤嘱写临别，以归雁来时数附书写盼归，写尽深情的牵挂，是千古名句。「征人去日殷勤嘱」写征人离去之日殷勤叮嘱——那「征人去日」写征人离去之日，「殷勤嘱」写殷勤叮嘱，写尽临别的嘱托；「归雁来时数附书」写归雁来时多捎书信——那「归雁来时」写归雁来时，「数附书」写多捎书信，写尽盼归的殷切。这句的深意在于：它以「征人去日殷勤嘱」的临别与「归雁来时数附书」的盼归，写尽深情的牵挂——征人离去之日殷勤叮嘱，那「征人去日殷勤嘱」写尽临别的嘱托——临别之日，千叮万嘱，正是离别的不舍，那「殷勤嘱」写尽嘱托的殷切；归雁来时多捎书信，那「归雁来时数附书」写尽盼归的殷切——归雁来时，嘱其多捎书信，正是盼音信的殷切，那「数附书」写尽盼信的急切；那「征人去日殷勤嘱」写尽临别的嘱托，那「归雁来时数附书」写尽盼归的殷切，一写临别，一写盼归，写尽深情的牵挂——临别殷嘱而盼雁捎书，正是思妇的深情；此二句以临别、盼归写尽深情的牵挂，也让此二句成为全诗写嘱托的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「她很想念丈夫」，则失其细节；唯以「征人去日殷勤嘱」写临别、「归雁来时数附书」写盼归，写尽深情的牵挂，也让此二句成为全诗写嘱托的核心。

These lines are the entrustment heart of the poem, the parting charge and the returning geese bearing letters. 'When the soldier left, she charged him tenderly' writes the parting injunction; 'when the geese return, send many letters' invokes the old myth of geese carrying letters, the wife's longing projected on the migratory birds. The charge and the hope are one thread of love across the distance. If stated as 'she misses her husband,' the detail would vanish; only through the tender parting charge and the returning geese does the longing become specific.

清风明月苦相思，荡子从戎十载余

In the clear wind and bright moon, bitter with longing; the wanderer has campaigned for more than ten years.

清风明月之下苦苦相思，荡子从军已十余年。

Beneath the clear breeze and bright moon, bitter with longing; the roving husband has been at war for over ten years.

此二句是全诗写相思的核心，以清风明月写良夜，以荡子从戎写离久，写尽相思的深苦，是千古名句。「清风明月苦相思」写清风明月之下苦苦相思——那「清风明月」写清风明月，「苦相思」写苦苦相思，写尽相思的深苦；「荡子从戎十载余」写荡子从军已十余年——那「荡子从戎」写荡子从军，「十载余」写十余年，写尽离别的久长。这句的深意在于：它以「清风明月苦相思」的良夜与「荡子从戎十载余」的久别，写尽相思的深苦——清风明月之下苦苦相思，那「清风明月苦相思」写尽相思的深苦——清风明月，正是良辰美景，而独守空闺，正是良夜独思的苦，那「苦相思」写尽相思的深苦；荡子从军已十余年，那「荡子从戎十载余」写尽离别的久长——荡子从军十余年，正是离别之久，那「十载余」写尽离别的久长；那「清风明月苦相思」写尽相思的深苦，那「荡子从戎十载余」写尽离别的久长，一写良夜，一写久别，写尽相思的深苦——清风明月而荡子久别，正是良夜独守的深苦；此二句以良夜、久别写尽相思的深苦，也为后二句的嘱托作铺垫，也让此二句成为全诗写相思的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「她很思念从军多年的丈夫」，则失其意境；唯以「清风明月苦相思」写良夜、「荡子从戎十载余」写久别，写尽相思的深苦，也让此二句成为全诗写相思的核心。

These lines are the longing heart of the poem, clear wind and bright moon for a lonely vigil, the husband away over ten years. 'In the clear wind and bright moon, bitter longing' sets a beautiful night against an empty chamber; 'the wanderer campaigned for more than ten years' gives the duration. The beauty of the night only sharpens the wife's solitary grief, the ten years the measure of endurance. If stated as 'she misses her husband away at war for years,' the mood would vanish; only through the clear wind and bright moon and the ten years does the longing deepen.

Study

Word focus

苦 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「清风明月苦相思」之「苦」是写相思的关键词，一个「苦」字写尽相思的深苦。苦者，深也、苦也。王维以「清风明月苦相思」写相思，这个「苦」字至少有双重意味：其一，写相思之深——那「清风明月苦相思」写清风明月之下苦苦相思，那「苦」字写尽相思之深——苦相思，正是深切之相思，那「苦」字写尽相思的深重；其二，写相思之苦——那「苦」字更是写苦——相思而苦，正是情之至苦，那「苦」字写尽相思的苦涩。以「苦」字写相思，正是王维写深苦的枢纽——若换作「深」「长」等字，则或失其写相思之苦的意味，或失其与「清风明月」的配合；唯「苦」字，以清风明月苦相思写尽相思之深与相思之苦，与「荡子从戎十载余」的十载余相合，写尽相思的深苦，也让「清风明月苦相思」成为全诗写相思的名句。

数附书 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「归雁来时数附书」之「数附书」是写盼归的字眼，一个「数附书」写尽盼信的殷切。数附书者，屡次捎信也。王维以「归雁来时数附书」写嘱托，这个「数附书」至少有双重意味：其一，写盼信之切——那「归雁来时数附书」写归雁来时多捎书信，那「数附书」写尽盼信的殷切——屡次捎书，正是盼音信的急切，那「数附书」写尽盼信的殷切；其二，写叮嘱之深——那「数附书」更是写深——数附书，正见临别叮嘱之深，那「数附书」写尽叮嘱的深重。以「数附书」写嘱托，正是王维写深情的枢纽——若换作「常寄书」「多写信」等词，则或失其与「归雁」的配合，或失其写数附书的意味；唯「数附书」三字，以归雁来时数附书写尽盼信的殷切与叮嘱的深重，与「征人去日殷勤嘱」的殷勤嘱相合，写尽深情的牵挂，也让「归雁来时数附书」成为全诗写盼归的名句。

伊州歌