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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

幽居冬暮

The, Winter, Evening, of, the, Quiet, Dwelling

李商隐

Li Shangyin

感慨Theme 冬景Theme

羽翼摧残日，郊园寂寞时。
晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池。
急景忽云暮，颓年浸已衰。
如何匡国分，不与夙心期。

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Meaning

A poem of the winter and the decline, written by Li Shangyin. The days of the wings and the feathers broken and destroyed, the times of the country gardens lonely and desolate — the decline of the opening. The morning fowls startled by the snow on the trees, the cold ducks keeping watch over the frozen ponds — the winter of the middle. The swift scenes suddenly the clouds of the evening, the wasted years gradually already decayed — the age of the middle. And the close's how could the duty of the setting the country in order, not accord with the wishes of the early heart — the close's regret. The poem is the winter and the decline: the broken, the age, and the close's regret.

羽翼摧残日，郊园寂寞时。晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池。急景忽云暮，颓年浸已衰。如何匡国分，不与夙心期。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] The, days, of, the, wings, and, the, feathers, broken, and, destroyed, the, times, of, the, country, gardens, lonely, and, desolate. The, morning, fowls, startled, by, the, snow, on, the, trees, the, cold, ducks, keeping, watch, over, the, frozen, ponds. The, swift, scenes, suddenly, the, clouds, of, the, evening, the, wasted, years, gradually, already, decayed. How, could, the, duty, of, the, setting, the, country, in, order, not, accord, with, the, wishes, of, the, early, heart. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the decline of the broken wings with the lonely gardens, through the winter of the fowls with the ducks, to the close's the regret of the early heart. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the regret: the swift scenes suddenly the clouds of the evening, and the close's how could the duty of the setting the country in order not accord with the wishes of the early heart — the winter gathered in the decline and the close's regret. [Emotional Tone] Lonely, declining, and regretful: the poem is the broken, the age and the close's regret.

【白话串讲】李商隐写《幽居冬暮》：“羽翼摧残日，郊园寂寞时”——“晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池”——“急景忽云暮，颓年浸已衰”——“如何匡国分，不与夙心期”——他写晚年幽居——想匡国却身衰。【意象与手法】此诗写冬暮，以感怀写冬暮，是李商隐的名篇。前二联写冬景：「羽翼摧残日，郊园寂寞时。晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池」写羽翼摧残日、郊园寂寞时、晓鸡惊树雪、寒鹜守冰池——写尽冬暮的景物；后二联写感怀：「急景忽云暮，颓年浸已衰。如何匡国分，不与夙心期」写急景忽云暮、颓年浸已衰、如何匡国分——写尽冬暮的感怀。全诗以感怀写冬暮，写尽冬暮的景物与冬暮的感怀，是李商隐的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写冬暮，以感怀写冬暮，是李商隐的名篇。此诗写李商隐晚年幽居时对岁月迟暮、报国无门的感慨。李商隐晚年困顿，官职卑微，冬暮幽居，见羽翼摧残、郊园寂寞、晓鸡惊雪、寒鹜守冰，而生迟暮之感。此诗写冬景：羽翼摧残日，郊园寂寞时——写羽翼摧残日、郊园寂寞时，写尽冬暮的残景；晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池——写晓鸡惊树雪、寒鹜守冰池，写尽冬暮的寒意；急景忽云暮，颓年浸已衰——写急景忽云暮、颓年浸已衰，写尽冬暮的迟暮；如何匡国分，不与夙心期——写如何匡国分、不与夙心期，写尽冬暮的感慨。全诗以感怀写冬暮——那「寒鹜守冰池」写尽冬暮的寒意，「如何匡国分」写尽冬暮的感怀，写尽冬暮的景物与冬暮的感怀，是理解李商隐晚年诗的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池」写冬暮的景物；「如何匡国分，不与夙心期」写冬暮的感怀；以及全诗以感怀写冬暮、以景写衰的手法。

Background

Li Shangyin (c. 813-858), the poet of the Tang, wrote this 'The, Winter, Evening, of, the, Quiet, Dwelling' of the winter and the decline — the decline of the late years in the quiet dwelling. The broken wings with the lonely gardens, the winter of the fowls, and the close's the regret of the early heart — the poem gathers the decline of the poet, the regret of the unfulfilled. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the decline.

此诗写冬暮，以感怀写冬暮，是李商隐的名篇。李商隐（约813—约858），字义山，号玉谿生，怀州河内（今河南沁阳）人，唐代诗人，与杜牧并称「小李杜」。此诗写李商隐晚年幽居时对岁月迟暮、报国无门的感慨。李商隐一生卷入牛李党争，仕途困顿，晚年官职卑微，冬暮幽居，见羽翼摧残、郊园寂寞、晓鸡惊雪、寒鹜守冰，而生迟暮之感。此诗写冬景：「羽翼摧残日，郊园寂寞时」写羽翼摧残日、郊园寂寞时——写尽冬暮的残景（羽翼摧残日，郊园寂寞时）；「晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池」写晓鸡惊树雪、寒鹜守冰池——写尽冬暮的寒意（晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池）；「急景忽云暮，颓年浸已衰」写急景忽云暮、颓年浸已衰——写尽冬暮的迟暮（急景忽云暮，颓年浸已衰）；「如何匡国分，不与夙心期」写如何匡国分、不与夙心期——写尽冬暮的感慨（如何匡国分，不与夙心期）。全诗以感怀写冬暮，写尽冬暮的景物与冬暮的感怀，是理解李商隐晚年诗的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the regret. The decline opens: the, days, of, the, wings, and, the, feathers, broken, and, destroyed — the wings and the feathers of the broken; the, times, of, the, country, gardens, lonely, and, desolate — the country gardens of the lonely. The winter follows: the, morning, fowls, startled, by, the, snow, on, the, trees — the morning fowls of the startled; the, cold, ducks, keeping, watch, over, the, frozen, ponds — the cold ducks of the keeping watch; the, swift, scenes, suddenly, the, clouds, of, the, evening — the swift scenes of the evening; the, wasted, years, gradually, already, decayed — the wasted years of the decayed. And the close gathers the regret: how, could, the, duty, of, the, setting, the, country, in, order — the duty of the setting the country in order; not, accord, with, the, wishes, of, the, early, heart — the wishes of the early heart — the decline, the winter and the close's regret, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以起句写迟暮。「羽翼摧残日」以起句写迟暮——那「羽翼摧残」写尽羽翼的残损，以起句写尽冬暮的迟暮。其二，以白描写冬景。「晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池」以白描写冬景——那「惊树雪」「守冰池」写尽鸡惊鹜守，以白描写尽冬暮的寒意。其三，以直抒写迟暮。「颓年浸已衰」以直抒写迟暮——那「颓年」「已衰」写尽年岁的衰颓，以直抒写尽冬暮的迟暮。其四，以问写感慨。「如何匡国分」以问写感慨——那「如何」「不与」写尽问天的愤慨，以问写尽冬暮的感慨。此外，此诗前二联写冬暮的景物，后二联写冬暮的感怀，由景及情，正是感怀诗「借景抒情」的写法。四重手法，使此诗以感怀写冬暮，写尽冬暮的景物与冬暮的感怀，是李商隐的代表作。此诗还善于以「惊」「守」二字写物我相映——「晓鸡惊树雪」的「惊」写冬晨的骤变，「寒鹜守冰池」的「守」写冬日的坚忍，一惊一守，正见诗人于冬暮中的敏锐与孤寂。又善以「忽」「浸」二字写迟暮之速——「急景忽云暮」的「忽」写光阴之骤，「颓年浸已衰」的「浸」写衰颓之渐，一骤一渐，正见其对岁月流逝的双重感受。

Allusions

'The wings and the feathers' (yu yi) are the wings and the feathers — the wings of the feathers, the broken of the opening; 'the morning fowls' (xiao ji) are the morning fowls — the fowls of the morning, the startled of the middle; 'the setting the country in order' (kuang guo) is the setting the country in order — the ordering of the country, the duty of the close.

此诗的用语深植于冬暮与迟暮的传统。「羽翼摧残」令人想到「羽翼摧残」写鸟翼伤残的意象——《诗经》「维鹈在梁，不濡其翼」，也令人想到「敛翼待时」的意象；「郊园」令人想到「郊园」写园居的意象——也令人想到「郊园寂寞」的意象；「晓鸡」令人想到「晓鸡」写晨鸡的意象——也令人想到「闻鸡起舞」（祖逖）的意象；「寒鹜」令人想到「寒鹜」写寒鸭的意象——也令人想到「春江水暖鸭先知」（苏轼）的意象；「急景」令人想到「急景」写光阴的意象——《文选》「急景凋年」，也令人想到「流年暗中偷换」（苏轼）的意象；「匡国」令人想到「匡国」写济世的意象——也令人想到「致君尧舜上」（杜甫）的意象。全诗化用羽翼、晓鸡、寒鹜、急景、匡国的意象，以感怀写冬暮，正是李商隐「深情绵邈」而善写迟暮、承感怀传统写冬暮的本领。「急景」出自《文选》鲍照《舞鹤赋》「穷阴杀节，急景凋年」，写岁末光阴之急；李商隐以「急景忽云暮」写岁暮，正承其语意。又「匡国」暗用杜甫「致君尧舜上，再使风俗淳」的济世之志，以「如何匡国分，不与夙心期」写报国无门，正见其承杜甫忧国忧民传统的深衷。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Li Shangyin's poems of the decline, quoted for the loneliness of its opening and the regret of its close. The cold ducks of the frozen ponds, and the wishes of the early heart, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's decline: the winter gathered in the age, to the close's regret.

此诗历来被推为李商隐晚年感怀诗的名篇，也是唐人写迟暮的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以感怀写冬暮，沉郁顿挫」；近人更指出「如何匡国分，不与夙心期」写冬暮的感怀，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以八句的五律写尽冬暮的景物与冬暮的感怀——那羽翼，那郊园，那晓鸡，那树雪，那寒鹜，那冰池，那急景，那颓年，那匡国分，那夙心，都写尽了李商隐笔下的幽居冬暮；那「如何匡国分，不与夙心期」更以问写尽报国无门的愤慨。此诗与李商隐《夜雨寄北》（「巴山夜雨涨秋池」）同为晚年名篇，一写「何当共剪西窗烛」的巴山（夜雨寄北），一写「如何匡国分」的冬暮（幽居冬暮）；又与杜甫《登高》（「艰难苦恨繁霜鬓」）的迟暮传统一脉相承，可见中国诗写迟暮的传统。对于今日读者，此诗是理解李商隐晚年诗的窗口，也是中国诗写冬暮的经典——那守着冰池的寒鹜，穿越千年，仍在诉说着迟暮的感怀。

Prosody

Form A regulated poem of the decline (wu yan lü shi)诗·五言律诗

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the regulated poem that carries the regretful decline.五律，押「时」「池」「衰」「期」韵（上平四支），一韵到底，音节沉郁

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the regret: the level opening with the decline, the turning with the winter, and the close's fall with the heart.此诗为五言律诗，押平声韵，一韵到底，音节沉郁，正合感怀的沉郁。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its decline: the cadences of the regulated poem, and the close — 'bu yu su xin qi' — falls with the heart, the sound of the regret of the decline poet.此诗为五言律诗，八句——「羽翼摧残日，郊园寂寞时。晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池。急景忽云暮，颓年浸已衰。如何匡国分，不与夙心期」，押「支」韵（时、池、衰、期），一韵到底，音节沉郁。全诗以感怀写冬暮：前二联写冬暮的景物（羽翼摧残日、晓鸡惊树雪），后二联写冬暮的感怀（急景忽云暮、如何匡国分）。八句短章，前写冬景，后写感怀，以「如何匡国分，不与夙心期」写尽冬暮的感怀，正见李商隐「深情绵邈」的本色。诵读此诗，宜以沉郁的语调读「寒鹜守冰池」的冬景，以低回的语调读「如何匡国分」的感怀，结句要读得沉郁而有余韵，方能传达出李商隐的沉郁顿挫。李商隐五律以「沉郁顿挫」著称，此诗正是其感怀律诗的典范。

Line by line

如何匡国分，不与夙心期

How is it that my duty to save the state has never matched the hopes of my early heart?

如何匡国分，不与夙心期。

Why has my share in rectifying the state not come up to the hopes of my early ambition?

此二句是全诗写感慨的核心，以如何匡国分写匡国，以不与夙心期写夙心，写尽冬暮的感怀，是千古名句。「如何匡国分」写如何匡国分——那「如何」写如何，「匡国分」写匡国分，写尽匡国的本分；「不与夙心期」写不与夙心期——那「不与」写不与，「夙心期」写夙心期，写尽夙心的落空。这句的深意在于：它以「如何匡国分」的匡国与「不与夙心期」的夙心，写尽冬暮的感怀——如何匡国分，那「如何匡国分」写尽匡国的本分——何以报国济世，正是胸怀大志的写照，那「匡国分」写尽济世的抱负；不与夙心期，那「不与夙心期」写尽夙心的落空——不与夙心期，正是抱负落空的写照，那「夙心」写尽早年的心愿；那「如何匡国分」写尽匡国的本分，那「不与夙心期」写尽夙心的落空，一写抱负，一写落空，写尽冬暮的感怀——有匡国之志而不遂夙心，正是报国无门的写照；此二句以匡国、夙心写尽冬暮的感怀，也让此二句成为全诗写感慨的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「我想报国但没机会」，则失其沉郁；唯以「如何匡国分」写匡国、「不与夙心期」写夙心，写尽冬暮的感怀，也让此二句成为全诗写感慨的核心。

These lines are the reflection heart of the poem, the duty to save the state unmatched by early hopes. 'How is it that my duty to save the state' opens with the old ambition; 'never matched the hopes of my early heart' answers its own failure—the youthful desire to serve the country has not been fulfilled. The couplet is the sigh of a life's unrealized public purpose. If stated as 'I wanted to serve the country but couldn't,' the gravity would fade; only through 'duty to rectify the state' and 'early heart' does the frustration become deep.

晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池

The dawn rooster startles the snow from the trees; a cold duck keeps watch on the frozen pool.

晓鸡惊树雪，寒鹜守冰池。

The morning cock stirs the snow from the branches; a cold mallard holds to the ice-bound pond.

此二句是全诗写冬景的核心，以晓鸡惊树雪写晓鸡，以寒鹜守冰池写寒鹜，写尽冬暮的寒意，是千古名句。「晓鸡惊树雪」写晓鸡惊树雪——那「晓鸡」写晓鸡，「惊树雪」写惊树雪，写尽晓鸡的惊雪；「寒鹜守冰池」写寒鹜守冰池——那「寒鹜」写寒鹜，「守冰池」写守冰池，写尽寒鹜的守池。这句的深意在于：它以「晓鸡惊树雪」的晓鸡与「寒鹜守冰池」的寒鹜，写尽冬暮的寒意——晓鸡惊树雪，那「晓鸡惊树雪」写尽晓鸡的惊雪——晓鸡啼鸣，惊起树雪，正是冬晨的写照，那「惊树雪」写尽冬晨的寒意；寒鹜守冰池，那「寒鹜守冰池」写尽寒鹜的守池——寒鹜守冰池，正是冬日独守的写照，那「守冰池」写尽冬日的寂寞；那「晓鸡惊树雪」写尽晓鸡的惊雪，那「寒鹜守冰池」写尽寒鹜的守池，一写鸡，一写鹜，写尽冬暮的寒意——鸡惊雪而鹜守冰，正是幽居冬暮的写照；此二句以晓鸡、寒鹜写尽冬暮的寒意，也为后二联的感怀作铺垫，也让此二句成为全诗写冬景的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「冬天很冷」，则失其画面；唯以「晓鸡惊树雪」写晓鸡、「寒鹜守冰池」写寒鹜，写尽冬暮的寒意，也让此二句成为全诗写冬景的核心。

These lines are the winter-heart of the poem, the rooster startling the tree-snow and the duck keeping the frozen pool. 'The dawn rooster startles the snow from the trees' writes the early cry shaking snow from the boughs; 'a cold duck keeps watch on the frozen pool' pictures the lone duck by the iced water. The two birds, rooster and duck, in snow and ice, set the chill of the winter-dwelling. If stated as 'it is very cold in winter,' the picture would vanish; only through the startled tree-snow and the duck on the ice does the winter become cold.

Study

Word focus

摧 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「羽翼摧残日」之「摧」字是写迟暮的关键词，一个「摧」字写尽羽翼的残损。摧者，摧折、折损也。李商隐以「羽翼摧残日」写迟暮，这个「摧」字至少有双重意味：其一，写翼之残——那「羽翼摧残日」写羽翼摧残日，那「摧」字写尽羽翼的残损——羽翼摧残，正是鸟翼伤残的写照，那「摧」字写尽自身的困顿；其二，写志之折——那「摧」字更是写折——摧残，正见壮志的摧折，那「摧」字写尽冬暮的迟暮。以「摧」字写迟暮，正是李商隐写感怀的枢纽——若换作「折」「损」等字，则或失其与「羽翼」「残」的配合，或失其写摧的意味；唯「摧」字，以羽翼摧残日写尽羽翼的残损与壮志的摧折，与「郊园寂寞时」的寂寞相合，写尽冬暮的迟暮，也让「羽翼摧残日」成为全诗写迟暮的名句。

守 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「寒鹜守冰池」之「守」字是写冬景的关键词，一个「守」字写尽寒鹜的孤守。守者，守候、坚守也。李商隐以「寒鹜守冰池」写冬景，这个「守」字至少有双重意味：其一，写鹜之守——那「寒鹜守冰池」写寒鹜守冰池，那「守」字写尽寒鹜的守候——寒鹜守冰池，正是冬日独守的写照，那「守」字写尽冬日的寂寞；其二，写己之守——那「守」字更是写己——守，正见幽居的坚守，那「守」字写尽自身的孤寂。以「守」字写冬景，正是李商隐写幽居的枢纽——若换作「栖」「立」等字，则或失其与「寒鹜」「冰池」的配合，或失其写守的意味；唯「守」字，以寒鹜守冰池写尽寒鹜的守候与幽居的坚守，与「晓鸡惊树雪」的惊相合，写尽冬暮的寒意，也让「寒鹜守冰池」成为全诗写冬景的名句。