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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

早兴

The, Morning, Rising

白居易

Bai Juyi

闲适Leisure 晨景Theme

晨光出照屋梁明，初打开门鼓一声。
犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴。
半销宿酒头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻。
睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成。

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Meaning

A poem of the morning and the ease, written by Bai Juyi. The morning light coming out shining the beams of the house bright, the first opening of the door the drum a single sound — the morning of the opening. The dog on the steps sleeping knowing the ground wet, the bird by the window talking reporting the sky clear — the scenes of the middle. The half melted the wine of the last night the head still heavy, the newly taken off the winter clothes the body suddenly light — the body of the middle. And the close's waking from the sleep the heart empty the thoughts all gone, recently the dreams of the hometown not many becoming — the close's ease. The poem is the morning and the ease: the light, the body, and the close's ease.

晨光出照屋梁明，初打开门鼓一声。犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴。半销宿酒头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻。睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] The, morning, light, coming, out, shining, the, beams, of, the, house, bright, the, first, opening, of, the, door, the, drum, a, single, sound. The, dog, on, the, steps, sleeping, knowing, the, ground, wet, the, bird, by, the, window, talking, reporting, the, sky, clear. The, half, melted, the, wine, of, the, last, night, the, head, still, heavy, the, newly, taken, off, the, winter, clothes, the, body, suddenly, light. Waking, from, the, sleep, the, heart, empty, the, thoughts, all, gone, recently, the, dreams, of, the, hometown, not, many, becoming. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the morning of the light with the dog and the bird, through the body of the wine with the winter clothes, to the close's the ease of the dreams not many. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the ease: the half melted the wine of the last night the head still heavy, and the close's waking from the sleep the heart empty the thoughts all gone recently the dreams of the hometown not many becoming — the morning gathered in the body and the close's ease. [Emotional Tone] Clear, easy, and content: the poem is the light, the body and the close's ease.

【白话串讲】白居易写《早兴》：“晨光出照屋梁明，初打开门鼓一声”——“犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴”——“半销宿酒头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻”——“睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成”——他写清晨醒来。【意象与手法】此诗写早兴，以闲适写生活，是白居易的名篇。前四句写晨景：「晨光出照屋梁明，初打开门鼓一声」写晨光出照屋梁明、初打开门鼓一声——写尽清晨的光景；「犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴」写犬上阶眠知地湿、鸟临窗语报天晴——写尽晨起的细节；后四句写身心：「半销宿酒头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻」写半销宿酒头仍重、新脱冬衣体乍轻——写尽晨起的身感；「睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成」写睡觉心空思想尽、近来乡梦不多成——写尽心境的清闲。全诗以闲适写生活，写尽白居易晨起的闲适与身心的轻快，是白居易的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写早兴，以闲适写生活，是白居易的名篇。此诗写白居易清晨起床的所见所感，当为其中年闲居时所作。此诗写晨景：晨光出照屋梁明，初打开门鼓一声——写晨光出照屋梁明、初打开门鼓一声，写尽清晨的光景；犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴——写犬上阶眠知地湿、鸟临窗语报天晴，写尽晨起的细节；半销宿酒头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻——写半销宿酒头仍重、新脱冬衣体乍轻，写尽晨起的身感；睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成——写睡觉心空思想尽、近来乡梦不多成，写尽心境的清闲。全诗以闲适写生活——那「鸟临窗语报天晴」写尽晨起的细节，「睡觉心空思想尽」写尽心境的清闲，写尽白居易晨起的闲适与身心的轻快，是理解白居易闲适诗的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「晨光出照屋梁明，初打开门鼓一声」写清晨的光景；「犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴」写晨起的细节；「睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成」写心境的清闲；以及全诗以闲适写生活、以细节写心境的手法。

Background

Bai Juyi (772-846), the great poet of the Tang, wrote this 'The, Morning, Rising' of the morning and the ease — the ease of the morning in the late years. The morning of the light with the dog and the bird, the body of the wine, and the close's the ease of the dreams not many — the poem gathers the ease of the poet, the contentment of the age. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the morning.

此诗写早兴，以闲适写生活，是白居易的名篇。白居易（772—846），字乐天，号香山居士，下邽（今陕西渭南）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，与元稹并称「元白」。此诗写白居易清晨起床的所见所感。白居易一生以「达则兼济天下，穷则独善其身」自勉，中年后仕途有所起落，晚年尤多闲适之作。此诗写晨景：「晨光出照屋梁明，初打开门鼓一声」写晨光出照屋梁明、初打开门鼓一声——写尽清晨的光景（晨光照屋梁而明，初打开门鼓声一响）；「犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴」写犬上阶眠知地湿、鸟临窗语报天晴——写尽晨起的细节（犬卧阶上知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴）；「半销宿酒头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻」写半销宿酒头仍重、新脱冬衣体乍轻——写尽晨起的身感（宿酒半销头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻）；「睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成」写睡觉心空思想尽、近来乡梦不多成——写尽心境的清闲（睡起心空思虑尽，近来乡梦不多成）。全诗以闲适写生活，写尽白居易晨起的闲适与身心的轻快，是理解白居易闲适诗的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the ease. The morning opens: the, morning, light, coming, out, shining, the, beams, of, the, house, bright — the morning light of the shining the beams; the, first, opening, of, the, door, the, drum, a, single, sound — the drum of the opening the door; the, dog, on, the, steps, sleeping, knowing, the, ground, wet — the dog of the ground wet; the, bird, by, the, window, talking, reporting, the, sky, clear — the bird of the sky clear. The body follows: the, half, melted, the, wine, of, the, last, night, the, head, still, heavy — the head of the still heavy; the, newly, taken, off, the, winter, clothes, the, body, suddenly, light — the body of the suddenly light. And the close gathers the ease: waking, from, the, sleep, the, heart, empty, the, thoughts, all, gone — the heart of the thoughts all gone; recently, the, dreams, of, the, hometown, not, many, becoming — the dreams of the not many — the morning, the body and the close's ease, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以写景写晨光。「晨光出照屋梁明」以写景写晨光——那「出照屋梁明」写尽晨光照梁，以写景写尽清晨的光景。其二，以细节写生活。「犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴」以细节写生活——那「犬上阶眠」「鸟临窗语」写尽犬眠鸟语的细节，以细节写尽晨起的生活。其三，以对照写身感。「半销宿酒头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻」以对照写身感——那「头仍重」「体乍轻」写尽重与轻的对照，以对照写尽晨起的身感。其四，以直抒写清闲。「睡觉心空思想尽」以直抒写清闲——那「心空思想尽」写尽心境的清空，以直抒写尽晨起的清闲。此外，此诗前四句写晨景的细节，后四句写身心的感受，由外而内，正是闲适诗「即景写心」的写法。四重手法，使此诗以闲适写生活，写尽白居易晨起的闲适与身心的轻快，是白居易的代表作。此诗尤可注意其观察的细密：全诗从视觉（晨光照梁）写起，次及听觉（开门鼓声），再及触觉与体感（犬知地湿、鸟报天晴），又及身体状态（头重体轻），最后落到心理（心空乡梦少）——由外而内、由物及心，层层收拢，正是白居易「以平常语写平常事」而自有深致的本领；而那「犬上阶眠」「鸟临窗语」的拟人化细节，更将清晨写得生机盎然。

Allusions

'The dreams of the hometown' (xiang meng) are the dreams of the hometown — the dreams of the home, the not many of the close; 'the winter clothes' (dong yi) are the winter clothes — the clothes of the winter, the taken off of the middle.

此诗的用语深植于闲适与生活的传统。「开门鼓」令人想到「开门鼓」写晨鼓的意象——唐代宫门晨昏有鼓，晨鼓为开门之号，也令人想到「晨钟暮鼓」的意象；「犬上阶眠」令人想到「犬眠」写犬眠的意象——「犬上阶眠知地湿」正是白居易的名句，也令人想到「狗吠深巷中」（陶渊明）的田园意象；「鸟临窗语」令人想到「鸟语」写鸟语的意象——「鸟临窗语报天晴」正是白居易的名句，也令人想到「好鸟相鸣」的意象；「宿酒」令人想到「宿酒」写隔夜之酒的意象——「半销宿酒头仍重」正是白居易的名句，也令人想到「昨日饮酒」的生活意象；「乡梦」令人想到「乡梦」写思乡之梦的意象——「近来乡梦不多成」正是白居易的名句，也令人想到「故园东望路漫漫」（岑参）的思乡意象。全诗化用开门鼓、犬眠、鸟语的意象，以闲适写生活，正是白居易「浅近平易」而善写日常、承闲适传统写生活本领。又「乡梦不多成」可联系白居易宦游经历来读：白居易早年离家宦游，多思乡之梦，其《冬至夜怀湘灵》等诗皆写乡愁；而此诗「近来乡梦不多成」，正是其仕途渐稳、心境渐平之后乡思转淡的写照——梦多成于愁多，乡梦不多，正见心绪之安定，与「睡觉心空思想尽」相应，可见诗人以乡梦之多少写心境之闲忙的巧思。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Bai Juyi's poems of the morning, quoted for the freshness of its opening and the ease of its close. The dog of the ground wet, and the dreams of the not many, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's ease: the morning gathered in the body, to the close's ease.

此诗历来被推为白居易闲适诗的名篇，也是唐人写日常生活的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以闲适写生活，平易亲切」；近人更指出「犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴」写晨起的细节，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以八句的七律写尽白居易晨起的闲适与身心的轻快——那明照屋梁的晨光，那一声开门鼓，那阶上的犬，那窗前的鸟，那半销的宿酒，那新脱的冬衣，那空尽的心，都写尽了白居易笔下的清晨；那「睡觉心空思想尽」更写尽晨起的清闲。此诗与白居易《钱塘湖春行》（「最爱湖东行不足」）同为闲适名篇，一写「绿杨阴里白沙堤」的春行（钱塘湖春行），一写「鸟临窗语报天晴」的早兴（早兴）；又与陶渊明「晨兴理荒秽」的田园传统一脉相承，可见中国诗写晨起生活的传统。对于今日读者，此诗是理解白居易闲适诗的窗口，也是中国诗写清晨的经典——那报晴的鸟语，穿越千年，仍在诉说着晨起的闲适。

Prosody

Form A regulated poem of the morning (qi yan lü shi)诗·七言律诗

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the regulated poem that carries the content ease.七律，押「声」「晴」「轻」「成」韵（下平八庚），一韵到底，音节轻快

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the ease: the level opening with the morning, the turning with the body, and the close's fall with the becoming.此诗为七言律诗，押平声韵，一韵到底，音节轻快，正合早兴的轻快。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its contentment: the cadences of the regulated poem, and the close — 'jin lai xiang meng bu duo cheng' — falls with the becoming, the sound of the ease of the morning poet.此诗为七言律诗，八句——「晨光出照屋梁明，初打开门鼓一声。犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴。半销宿酒头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻。睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成」，押「庚」韵（声、晴、轻、成），一韵到底，音节轻快。全诗以闲适写生活：首联写清晨的光景（晨光出照屋梁明，初打开门鼓一声），颔联写晨起的细节（犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴），颈联写晨起的身感（半销宿酒头仍重，新脱冬衣体乍轻），尾联写心境的清闲（睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成）。四联由晨景写到细节，再到身感，最后落到心境，层层递进，正是白居易闲适诗的典型结构。诵读此诗，宜以轻快的语调读「晨光出照屋梁明」的晨景，以清闲的语调读「睡觉心空思想尽」的心境，结句要读得从容而有余韵，方能传达出白居易的平易亲切。白居易七律以「浅近平易」著称，此诗正是其闲适七律的典范。

Line by line

睡觉心空思想尽，近来乡梦不多成

Waking, my heart is emptied of all thought; of late, homeward dreams come but seldom.

睡起心空思虑尽，近来乡梦不多成。

Waking, my heart is void, all cares gone; of late, homeward dreams come but seldom.

此二句是全诗写清闲的核心，以睡觉心空写心境，以乡梦不多成写闲适，写尽心境的清闲，是千古名句。「睡觉心空思想尽」写睡起心空思虑尽——那「睡觉」写睡醒，「心空思想尽」写心空思虑尽，写尽心境的清空；「近来乡梦不多成」写近来乡梦不多成——那「近来」写近来，「乡梦不多成」写乡梦不多成，写尽乡思的淡去。这句的深意在于：它以「睡觉心空思想尽」的心境与「近来乡梦不多成」的闲适，写尽心境的清闲——睡起心空思虑尽，那「睡觉心空思想尽」写尽心境的清空——睡起心空，思虑尽消，正是无牵无挂的清闲，那「心空思想尽」写尽心境的清空；近来乡梦不多成，那「近来乡梦不多成」写尽乡思的淡去——近来乡梦不多，正是乡思渐淡的写照，那「不多成」写尽乡思的淡去；那「睡觉心空思想尽」写尽心境的清空，那「近来乡梦不多成」写尽乡思的淡去，一写心境，一写乡思，写尽心境的清闲——心空而乡梦少，正是闲适的写照；此二句以心境、乡思写尽心境的清闲，也让此二句成为全诗写清闲的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「我现在很清闲」，则失其含蓄；唯以「睡觉心空思想尽」写心境、「近来乡梦不多成」写乡思，写尽心境的清闲，也让此二句成为全诗写清闲的核心。

These two lines are the core of the poem's ease - a famous line. 'Waking, my heart is emptied of all thought' the cleared mind; 'of late, homeward dreams come but seldom' the fading homesickness. Waking with an empty heart, cares dissolved; of late the home dreams few - the ease of a mind at rest, the homesickness fading.

犬上阶眠知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴

The dog sleeps on the steps, knowing the ground is wet; birds call by the window, announcing a clear sky.

犬卧阶上知地湿，鸟临窗语报天晴。

The dog lies on the steps, knowing the ground is wet; birds chatter by the window, heralding a fine sky.

此二句是全诗写细节的核心，以犬上阶眠写犬，以鸟临窗语写鸟，写尽晨起的细节，是千古名句。「犬上阶眠知地湿」写犬卧阶上知地湿——那「犬上阶眠」写犬卧阶上，「知地湿」写知地湿，写尽犬的感知；「鸟临窗语报天晴」写鸟临窗语报天晴——那「鸟临窗语」写鸟临窗语，「报天晴」写报天晴，写尽鸟的报晴。这句的深意在于：它以「犬上阶眠知地湿」的犬与「鸟临窗语报天晴」的鸟，写尽晨起的细节——犬卧阶上知地湿，那「犬上阶眠知地湿」写尽犬的感知——犬卧阶上而不卧于地，正是知地湿的缘故，那「知地湿」写尽犬的灵性；鸟临窗语报天晴，那「鸟临窗语报天晴」写尽鸟的报晴——鸟临窗而语，正是报天晴的信号，那「报天晴」写尽鸟的灵性；那「犬上阶眠知地湿」写尽犬的感知，那「鸟临窗语报天晴」写尽鸟的报晴，一写犬，一写鸟，写尽晨起的细节——犬知地湿而鸟报天晴，正是清晨的生动细节；此二句以犬、鸟写尽晨起的细节，也让此二句成为全诗写细节的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「早晨天气不错」，则失其细节；唯以「犬上阶眠知地湿」写犬、「鸟临窗语报天晴」写鸟，写尽晨起的细节，也让此二句成为全诗写细节的核心。

These two lines are the core of the poem's morning details - a famous line. 'The dog sleeps on the steps, knowing the ground is wet' the dog's sense; 'birds call by the window, announcing a clear sky' the birds' news. The dog on the steps, not the ground, knowing it wet; the birds at the window, heralding the clear sky - the vivid small details of dawn.

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Word focus

初 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「初打开门鼓一声」之「初」字是写晨光的字眼，一个「初」字写尽清晨的时分。初者，刚刚、才也。白居易以「初打开门鼓一声」写清晨，这个「初」字至少有双重意味：其一，写晨之初——那「初打开门鼓一声」写刚打开门鼓声一声，那「初」字写尽清晨的时分——初开门，正是清晨之始，那「初」字写尽晨光的初临；其二，写事之始——那「初」字更是写始——初开门鼓，正是一日的开始，那「初」字写尽新日的开端。以「初」字写清晨，正是白居易写晨景的枢纽——若换作「才」「刚」等字，则或失其与「晨光出照」的配合，或失其写初的意味；唯「初」字，以初打开门鼓一声写尽清晨的时分与新日的开端，与「晨光出照屋梁明」的晨光相合，写尽清晨的光景，也让「初打开门鼓一声」成为全诗写晨景的名句。

乍轻 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「新脱冬衣体乍轻」之「乍轻」是写身感的关键词，一个「乍轻」写尽脱衣的轻快。乍轻者，忽然觉轻也。白居易以「新脱冬衣体乍轻」写晨起，这个「乍轻」至少有双重意味：其一，写脱衣之快——那「新脱冬衣体乍轻」写新脱冬衣体乍觉轻，那「乍轻」写尽脱衣的轻快——乍脱冬衣，体忽觉轻，正是换季的轻快，那「乍轻」写尽脱衣的轻快；其二，写时节之换——那「乍轻」更是写换季——体乍轻，正见冬去春来，那「乍轻」写尽时节的更替。以「乍轻」写身感，正是白居易写生活的枢纽——若换作「忽轻」「顿轻」等词，则或失其与「新脱冬衣」的配合，或失其写乍轻的意味；唯「乍轻」二字，以新脱冬衣体乍轻写尽脱衣的轻快与冬去春来的更替，与「半销宿酒头仍重」的头仍重相合，写尽晨起的身感，也让「新脱冬衣体乍轻」成为全诗写身感的名句。

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