All poems

宋 Song · 诗 Poem

枕上作

The, Written, on, the, Pillow

陆游

Lu You

感慨Theme 秋夜autumn

萧萧白发卧扁舟，死尽中朝旧辈流。
万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋。
郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯。
犹有少年风味在，吴笺著句写清愁。

Listen

Meaning

A poem of the night and the regret, written by Lu You. The white hairs of the rustling lying on the small boat, the dead all gone the elders of the former generations of the court — the night of the opening. The ten thousand li of the passes and the rivers a single pillow of the dream, the fifth watch the wind and the rain the four mountains the autumn — the dream of the middle. And the close's still having the flavor of the youth in it, on the paper of the Wu the lines of the writing the clear sorrow — the close's sorrow. The poem is the night and the regret: the dream, the age, and the close's sorrow.

萧萧白发卧扁舟，死尽中朝旧辈流。万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋。郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯。犹有少年风味在，吴笺著句写清愁。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] The, white, hairs, of, the, rustling, lying, on, the, small, boat, the, dead, all, gone, the, elders, of, the, former, generations, of, the, court. The, ten, thousand, li, of, the, passes, and, the, rivers, a, single, pillow, of, the, dream, the, fifth, watch, the, wind, and, the, rain, the, four, mountains, the, autumn. The, Zheng, the, Qian, laughing, at, his, own, self, the, poor, addicted, to, the, wine, the, Li, the, Guang, what, harm, in, the, old, not, becoming, the, marquis. Still, having, the, flavor, of, the, youth, in, it, on, the, paper, of, the, Wu, the, lines, of, the, writing, the, clear, sorrow. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the night of the white hairs with the small boat, through the dream of the ten thousand li with the autumn, to the close's the sorrow of the clear sorrow. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the sorrow: the Zheng the Qian laughing at his own self the poor addicted to the wine, and the close's still having the flavor of the youth in it on the paper of the Wu the lines of the writing the clear sorrow — the night gathered in the regret and the close's sorrow. [Emotional Tone] Old, regretful, and sorrowful: the poem is the dream, the age and the close's sorrow.

【白话串讲】陆游写《枕上作》：“萧萧白发卧扁舟，死尽中朝旧辈流”——“万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋”——“郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯”——“犹有少年风味在，吴笺著句写清愁”——他写枕上之思——万里关河孤枕梦。【意象与手法】此诗写秋夜枕上感慨，以梦写壮志，是陆游的名篇。前四句写枕上：「萧萧白发卧扁舟，死尽中朝旧辈流」写萧萧白发卧扁舟、死尽中朝旧辈流——写尽白发与故人凋零的感慨；「万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋」写万里关河孤枕梦、五更风雨四山秋——写尽孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清；后四句写感慨：「郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯」写郑虔自笑穷耽酒、李广何妨老不侯——写尽以古贤自宽的感慨；「犹有少年风味在，吴笺著句写清愁」写犹有少年风味在、吴笺著句写清愁——写尽少年风味与清愁。全诗以梦写壮志，写尽秋夜枕上的感慨，是陆游的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写秋夜枕上感慨，以梦写壮志，是陆游的名篇。此诗写诗人晚年秋夜卧于舟中（或病榻）的感慨。此诗写枕上：萧萧白发卧扁舟，死尽中朝旧辈流——写萧萧白发卧扁舟、死尽中朝旧辈流，写尽白发与故人凋零的感慨；万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋——写万里关河孤枕梦、五更风雨四山秋，写尽孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清；郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯——写郑虔自笑穷耽酒、李广何妨老不侯，写尽以古贤自宽的感慨；犹有少年风味在，吴笺著句写清愁——写犹有少年风味在、吴笺著句写清愁，写尽少年风味与清愁。全诗以梦写壮志——那「万里关河孤枕梦」写尽孤枕的梦，「吴笺著句写清愁」写尽清愁的排遣，写尽秋夜枕上的感慨，是理解陆游爱国诗的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「萧萧白发卧扁舟，死尽中朝旧辈流」写白发与故人凋零的感慨；「万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋」写孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清；「郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯」写以古贤自宽的感慨；以及全诗以梦写壮志、以用典写感慨的手法。

Background

Lu You (1125-1210), the great poet of the Song, wrote this 'The, Written, on, the, Pillow' of the night and the regret — the regret of the night in the years of the old. The dream of the ten thousand li, and the close's the sorrow of the clear sorrow — the poem gathers the regret of the poet, the sorrow of the hero. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the night.

此诗写秋夜枕上感慨，以梦写壮志，是陆游的名篇。陆游（1125—1210），字务观，号放翁，越州山阴（今浙江绍兴）人，南宋伟大的爱国诗人。陆游一生力主抗金收复失地，却屡遭排挤，壮志难酬。此诗写于晚年退居山阴时，诗人秋夜卧于舟中，抚今追昔而生感慨。「萧萧白发卧扁舟，死尽中朝旧辈流」写萧萧白发卧扁舟、死尽中朝旧辈流——写尽白发与故人凋零的感慨（萧萧白发卧于扁舟，中朝旧日的同辈都已死尽）；「万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋」写万里关河孤枕梦、五更风雨四山秋——写尽孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清（万里关河只入孤枕之梦，五更风雨正是四山秋声）；「郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯」写郑虔自笑穷耽酒、李广何妨老不侯——写尽以古贤自宽的感慨（郑虔自笑贫穷而耽酒，李广何妨年老而不封侯）；「犹有少年风味在，吴笺著句写清愁」写犹有少年风味在、吴笺著句写清愁——写尽少年风味与清愁（犹有少年风味在，于吴笺著句以写清愁）。全诗以梦写壮志，写尽秋夜枕上的感慨，是理解陆游爱国诗的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the sorrow. The night opens: the, white, hairs, of, the, rustling, lying, on, the, small, boat — the white hairs of the small boat; the, dead, all, gone, the, elders, of, the, former, generations, of, the, court — the elders of the dead all gone; the, ten, thousand, li, of, the, passes, and, the, rivers, a, single, pillow, of, the, dream — the passes and the rivers of the single pillow; the, fifth, watch, the, wind, and, the, rain, the, four, mountains, the, autumn — the wind and the rain of the four mountains; the, Zheng, the, Qian, laughing, at, his, own, self, the, poor, addicted, to, the, wine — the Zheng the Qian of the addicted to the wine; the, Li, the, Guang, what, harm, in, the, old, not, becoming, the, marquis — the Li the Guang of the not becoming the marquis. And the close gathers the sorrow: still, having, the, flavor, of, the, youth, in, it — the flavor of the youth; on, the, paper, of, the, Wu, the, lines, of, the, writing, the, clear, sorrow — the clear sorrow of the paper of the Wu — the night, the regret and the close's sorrow, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以写景写秋夜。「万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋」以写景写秋夜——那「孤枕梦」写尽孤枕之梦、「四山秋」写尽四山秋声，以写景写尽秋夜的凄清。其二，以用典写感慨。「郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯」以用典写感慨——那「郑虔」用郑虔贫穷耽酒之典、「李广」用李广数奇不封侯之典，以用典写尽以古贤自宽的感慨。其三，以对照写梦醒。「万里关河孤枕梦」写尽梦中关河万里，「五更风雨四山秋」写尽醒后秋声满山，以梦醒对照写尽壮志难酬的感慨。其四，以直抒写清愁。「吴笺著句写清愁」以直抒写清愁——那「著句写清愁」写尽以诗写愁，以直抒写尽清愁的排遣。此外，此诗首联写白发故旧、颔联写孤枕秋梦、颈联以郑虔李广自宽、尾联转写少年风味，由衰而振，正是陆游「老骥伏枥」的气概。四重手法，使此诗以梦写壮志，写尽秋夜枕上的感慨，是陆游的代表作。

Allusions

'The Zheng the Qian' (zheng qian) is the Zheng the Qian — the scholar of the Tang, the poor of the middle — the allusion of the poverty of the scholar; 'the Li the Guang' (li guang) is the Li the Guang — the general of the Han, the not becoming the marquis of the middle — the allusion of the fate of the general; 'the paper of the Wu' (wu jian) is the paper of the Wu — the paper of the Wu, the writing of the close.

此诗的用语深植于感慨与用典的传统。「萧萧白发卧扁舟」令人想到「萧萧白发」写白发的意象——「萧萧白发卧扁舟」正是陆游的名句，也令人想到「扁舟」写小舟的意象——「扁舟一叶」的隐逸；「死尽中朝旧辈流」令人想到「旧辈流」写旧日同辈的意象——「死尽中朝旧辈流」正是陆游的名句；「万里关河孤枕梦」令人想到「万里关河」写关河的意象——「万里关河孤枕梦」正是陆游的名句，也令人想到「孤枕梦」写孤枕之梦的意象；「五更风雨四山秋」令人想到「五更风雨」写五更风雨的意象——「五更风雨四山秋」正是陆游的名句；「郑虔自笑穷耽酒」令人想到「郑虔」写郑虔的典故——郑虔为唐代诗人，贫而好酒，杜甫有《戏简郑广文虔兼呈苏司业源明》咏之；「李广何妨老不侯」令人想到「李广」写李广的典故——李广为汉代名将，终身不得封侯，「李广难封」成为典实；「吴笺著句写清愁」令人想到「吴笺」写吴地笺纸的意象——「吴笺著句写清愁」正是陆游的名句，也令人想到「清愁」写清愁的意象——「这次第，怎一个愁字了得」。全诗化用郑虔、李广的典故与关河、风雨的意象，以梦写壮志，正是陆游「雄浑悲壮」而善用典、承爱国传统写感慨的本领。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Lu You's poems of the night, quoted for the loneliness of its opening and the depth of its close. The passes and the rivers of the single pillow, and the clear sorrow of the paper of the Wu, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's regret: the night gathered in the dream, to the close's sorrow.

此诗历来被推为陆游感慨诗的名篇，也是宋人写秋夜感怀的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以梦写壮志，悲壮沉郁」；近人更指出「万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋」写孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清，「郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯」写以古贤自宽的感慨，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以八句的律诗写尽秋夜枕上的感慨——那萧萧的白发，那死尽的旧辈，那孤枕的万里关河梦，那五更的风雨四山秋，那自笑的郑虔，那何妨的李广，那少年风味，那吴笺的清愁，都写尽了陆游晚年的感慨；那「万里关河孤枕梦」更写尽梦中的壮志。此诗与陆游《书愤》（「楼船夜雪瓜洲渡」）同为感慨名篇，一写「塞上长城空自许」的书愤（书愤），一写「万里关河孤枕梦」的枕上（枕上作）；又与辛弃疾「醉里挑灯看剑」的梦回传统一脉相承，可见南宋爱国诗人借梦写壮志的深情。对于今日读者，此诗是理解陆游爱国诗的窗口，也是中国诗写秋夜感慨的经典——那五更的风雨，穿越千年，仍在诉说着孤枕的梦。

Prosody

Form A regulated poem of the night (qi yan lü shi)诗·七言律诗

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the regulated poem that carries the regretful sorrow.七律，押「舟」「流」「秋」「侯」「愁」韵（下平十一尤），一韵到底，对仗工整

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the sorrow: the level opening with the night, the turning with the dream, and the close's fall with the sorrow.此诗为七言律诗，押平声韵，一韵到底，对仗工整，音节悲壮，正合感慨的悲壮。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its regret: the cadences of the regulated poem, and the close — 'wu jian zhuo ju xie qing chou' — falls with the sorrow, the sound of the night of the hero poet.此诗为七言律诗，八句四联——「萧萧白发卧扁舟，死尽中朝旧辈流。万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋。郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯。犹有少年风味在，吴笺著句写清愁」，押「尤」韵（舟、流、秋、侯、愁），一韵到底。颔联「万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋」与颈联「郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯」对仗工整。全诗以梦写壮志：首联写白发与故人凋零的感慨（萧萧白发卧扁舟，死尽中朝旧辈流），颔联写孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清（万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋），颈联写以古贤自宽的感慨（郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯），尾联写少年风味与清愁（犹有少年风味在，吴笺著句写清愁）。诵读此诗，宜以悲壮的语调读「万里关河孤枕梦」的秋夜，以旷达的语调读「李广何妨老不侯」的自宽，结句「吴笺著句写清愁」要读得清逸而有余韵，方能传达出陆游的悲壮沉郁。陆游律诗以「雄浑悲壮」著称，此诗正是其感慨律诗的典范。

Line by line

万里关河孤枕梦，五更风雨四山秋

Ten thousand li of frontier hills and rivers enter only the lone pillow's dream; at the fifth watch, wind and rain, the four mountains sound of autumn.

万里关河只入孤枕之梦，五更风雨正是四山秋声。

Ten thousand li of frontier rivers and hills come only in the lone pillow's dream; at dawn, wind and rain over the four hills are all the sounds of autumn.

此二句是全诗写秋夜的核心，以孤枕梦写关河，以四山秋写风雨，写尽孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清，是千古名句。「万里关河孤枕梦」写万里关河只入孤枕之梦——那「万里关河」写万里关河，「孤枕梦」写只入孤枕之梦，写尽梦中关河万里；「五更风雨四山秋」写五更风雨正是四山秋声——那「五更风雨」写五更风雨，「四山秋」写四山秋声，写尽秋夜的凄清。这句的深意在于：它以「万里关河孤枕梦」的梦与「五更风雨四山秋」的秋，写尽孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清——万里关河只入孤枕之梦，那「万里关河孤枕梦」写尽梦中关河万里——失地万里关河，只能于孤枕之梦中一见，那「孤枕梦」写尽壮志难酬的悲慨；五更风雨正是四山秋声，那「五更风雨四山秋」写尽秋夜的凄清——五更风雨萧萧，四山皆秋声，那「四山秋」写尽秋夜的凄清；那「万里关河孤枕梦」写尽梦中关河万里，那「五更风雨四山秋」写尽秋夜的凄清，一写梦，一写秋，写尽孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清——梦中关河万里，醒后风雨秋声，正是壮志难酬而秋夜难眠的写照；此二句以孤枕梦、四山秋写尽秋夜的凄清与壮志的悲慨，也让此二句成为全诗写秋夜的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「我梦见收复失地却醒了」，则失其悲壮；唯以「万里关河孤枕梦」写梦、「五更风雨四山秋」写秋，写尽孤枕的梦与秋夜的凄清，也让此二句成为全诗写秋夜的核心。

These two lines are the core of the poem's autumn night, 'lone pillow's dream' the hills and rivers, 'four mountains' autumn' the wind and rain, writing the lone dream and the autumn night's desolation, a famous line. 'Ten thousand li of frontier hills and rivers enter only the lone pillow's dream' - the lost frontier of ten thousand li seen only in a lone pillow's dream, the 'lone pillow's dream' writing the grief of the unfulfilled will; 'at the fifth watch, wind and rain, the four mountains sound of autumn' - the wind and rain at dawn, the four hills all autumn, the 'four mountains' autumn' writing the autumn night's bleakness. The frontier ten thousand li in the dream, waking to wind and rain's autumn sounds, the portrait of the unfulfilled will and the sleepless autumn night; one line the dream, one the autumn, the desolation complete. If one said plainly 'I dreamed of recovering the lost land and woke,' the grand pathos would be lost; only the ten-thousand-li frontier in the lone pillow's dream and the wind and rain over the four autumn hills hold the grief.

郑虔自笑穷耽酒，李广何妨老不侯

Zheng Qian laughs at himself, poor and fond of wine; Li Guang never minded, old and never enfeoffed.

郑虔自笑贫穷而耽于酒，李广何妨年老而不封侯。

Zheng Qian laughs at his own poverty and love of wine; Li Guang never cared that, old, he was never made a lord.

此二句是全诗写感慨的核心，以郑虔自笑写穷，以李广何妨写老，写尽以古贤自宽的感慨，是千古名句。「郑虔自笑穷耽酒」写郑虔自笑贫穷而耽于酒——那「郑虔」用郑虔贫穷耽酒之典，「自笑穷耽酒」写自笑贫穷耽酒，写尽以郑虔自比；「李广何妨老不侯」写李广何妨年老而不封侯——那「李广」用李广数奇不封侯之典，「何妨老不侯」写何妨年老不封侯，写尽以李广自宽。这句的深意在于：它以「郑虔自笑穷耽酒」的郑虔与「李广何妨老不侯」的李广，写尽以古贤自宽的感慨——郑虔自笑贫穷而耽于酒，那「郑虔自笑穷耽酒」写尽以郑虔自比——郑虔贫而好酒，正如诗人穷而寄情于酒，那「自笑穷耽酒」写尽自嘲的旷达；李广何妨年老而不封侯，那「李广何妨老不侯」写尽以李广自宽——李广数奇不封侯，正如诗人老而不得重用，那「何妨老不侯」写尽自宽的旷达；那「郑虔自笑穷耽酒」写尽以郑虔自比，那「李广何妨老不侯」写尽以李广自宽，一写郑虔，一写李广，写尽以古贤自宽的感慨——以郑虔李广自比，正是穷老而志不坠的自宽，也是壮志难酬的自我排遣；此二句以郑虔李广写尽以古贤自宽的感慨，也让此二句成为全诗写感慨的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「我虽穷老也不在乎」，则失其用典；唯以「郑虔自笑穷耽酒」写郑虔、「李广何妨老不侯」写李广，写尽以古贤自宽的感慨，也让此二句成为全诗写感慨的核心。

These two lines are the core of the poem's lament, 'Zheng Qian laughs at himself' the poverty, 'Li Guang never minded' the old age, writing the self-comfort through ancient worthies, a famous line. 'Zheng Qian laughs at himself, poor and fond of wine' - the allusion to Zheng Qian, the Tang scholar-painter poor and devoted to wine, the poet like him, poor yet taking refuge in wine, the 'laughs at himself' the self-mocking ease; 'Li Guang never minded, old and never enfeoffed' - the allusion to Li Guang, the great general ever unlucky in fate, never enfeoffed, the poet like him, old and un-used, the 'never minded' the self-comfort. Comparing himself to Zheng Qian and Li Guang, the self-comfort of the poor old man whose will does not fall, the self-diversion of the unfulfilled ambition; one line Zheng Qian, one Li Guang, the lament complete. If one said plainly 'I don't care that I'm poor and old,' the allusion would be lost; only Zheng Qian's laughing poverty and Li Guang's carefree old age hold the self-comfort.

Study

Word focus

孤枕 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「万里关河孤枕梦」之「孤枕」是写悲慨的关键词，一个「孤枕」写尽孤枕独卧的悲慨。孤枕者，孤枕独眠也。陆游以「孤枕梦」写梦，这个「孤枕」至少有双重意味：其一，写独卧之孤——那「万里关河孤枕梦」写万里关河只入孤枕之梦，那「孤枕」写尽独卧的孤寂——孤枕独卧，正是老而独处的写照，那「孤枕」写尽独卧之孤；其二，写壮志之孤——那「孤枕」更是写壮志——孤枕而梦关河，正见壮志无人与共的孤独，那「孤枕」写尽壮志难酬的悲慨。以「孤枕」写梦，正是陆游写悲慨的枢纽——若换作「独枕」「客枕」等词，则或失其与「万里关河」的配合，或失其写孤寂的意味；唯「孤枕」二字，以孤枕梦写尽独卧的孤寂与壮志难酬的悲慨，与「五更风雨四山秋」的四山秋相合，写尽秋夜的凄清，也让「万里关河孤枕梦」成为全诗写悲慨的名句。

何妨 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「李广何妨老不侯」之「何妨」是写旷达的关键词，一个「何妨」写尽以古贤自宽的旷达。何妨者，有什么妨碍、不妨也。陆游以「何妨老不侯」写李广，这个「何妨」至少有双重意味：其一，写自宽之态——那「李广何妨老不侯」写李广何妨年老而不封侯，那「何妨」写尽自宽的旷达——李广不封侯何妨，正如自己不遇何妨，那「何妨」写尽以古贤自宽的旷达；其二，写气概之壮——那「何妨」更是写气概——老不侯而志不坠，那「何妨」写尽穷且益坚的气概。以「何妨」写自宽，正是陆游写旷达的枢纽——若换作「岂妨」「不妨」等词，则或失其与「老不侯」的配合，或失其写旷达的意味；唯「何妨」二字，以李广何妨老不侯写尽以古贤自宽的旷达与穷且益坚的气概，与「郑虔自笑穷耽酒」的自笑相合，写尽以古贤自宽的感慨，也让「李广何妨老不侯」成为全诗写旷达的名句。

枕上作