All poems

宋 Song · 诗 Poem

送客游兖海

Seeing Off a Guest Journeying to Yanhai

张方平

Zhang Fangping

山水Landscape 咏史On History 愁思Sorrowful Reflection 时序Seasons

寒飇栗冽响吹空，雪意沈沈岁向穷。
正是兼衣御醇酎，如何孤蹇逐飞蓬。
杉松古色泰山庙，丝竹遗音夫子宫。
访旧自堪宽旅琐，贤侯况似蜀文翁。

The cold wind, sharp and piercing, blows whistling through the empty sky;
The snow is heavy and low, and the year draws to its end.
It is just the time to wrap in furs and take strong wine—
Why must you, alone and poor, chase the flying tumbleweed?
The cypresses and pines keep their ancient color at the Temple of Mount Tai;
The lingering notes of strings and flutes still sound in the Hall of the Master.
Visiting old friends can well ease the hardships of the road—
And your worthy lord, besides, is like Wen Weng of Shu.

Listen

Meaning

Zhang Fangping writes to see off a friend journeying to Yanhai (the Yanzhou region of Shandong), the ancient land of Qi and Lu with Mount Tai and the temple of Confucius. In the bitter year-end cold, the friend travels alone; the poet first paints the bleakness—the sharp wind, the heavy snow—then turns to comfort: Yanzhou is the land of sages, where the pines keep their ancient color at the Temple of Mount Tai and the music of the Master still sounds at Qufu, and the prefect there is a worthy ruler like Wen Weng of Shu. A lonely winter journey becomes, through the culture of the land and the virtue of its ruler, a journey worth taking.

寒飙凛冽响声吹彻长空，雪意沉沉一年将尽。正是添衣御那醇厚之酒的时候，你如何竟孤单一身去追逐飞蓬。泰山庙里杉松古色，夫子宫中丝竹遗音。去访旧友自可宽解旅中琐屑，何况那贤侯又似蜀地的文翁。

Appreciation

The poem is a fine example of leading with the scene and comforting with allusion. The opening couplet writes the year-end bleakness through hearing ('blows whistling through the empty sky') and sight ('the snow is heavy and low'), painting a picture of a lone traveler by a cold river. The second couplet sets 'wrapped in furs and strong wine' against 'chasing the flying tumbleweed,' one safe and one hard, one gathering and one parting, with a sigh of 'why must you.' The third couplet suddenly lifts the poem from the guest's loneliness to the land's glory: the Temple of Mount Tai and the Hall of the Master, the ancient color and lingering notes of the land of sages. The closing couplet gathers it into warm comfort: old friends ease the road, and a worthy prefect like Wen Weng awaits. The poem moves from cold to pity to comfort, like an old friend taking your arm—first feeling the cold with you, then pointing you to the warmth.

【白话串讲】张方平送客游兖海：“寒飇栗冽响吹空，雪意沈沈岁向穷”——天寒岁暮。“杉松古色泰山庙，丝竹遗音夫子宫”——“访旧自堪宽旅琐”——他写齐鲁的风物。【意象与手法】诗以「寒飙」「雪意」起衰飒之景，中段以「杉松古色」「丝竹遗音」写齐鲁文脉，尾以「访旧」「文翁」作温厚之慰，景—情—典三层递转，是宋人送别中「以文脉慰羁旅」的典雅一路。【情感与主旨】于岁暮风雪中送客游兖海，既怜其孤蹇远行，又以其地有泰山孔庙、贤侯如文翁相慰，表达对友人的牵挂与信任。【名句点睛】「寒飙栗冽响吹空，雪意沈沈岁向穷」以景写岁暮之凄，警切如画；「杉松古色泰山庙，丝竹遗音夫子宫」以二圣迹写兖海文脉，厚重典雅。

Background

Yanhai refers to the Yanzhou region (in the Song's Jingdong East circuit, present-day Yanzhou, Shandong), the ancient land of Qi and Lu, with Mount Tai nearby and Qufu, the home of Confucius, not far. The guest, though hard to identify now, seems from the poem to be a friend traveling alone to Yanhai at year's end, perhaps to seek a position under a worthy prefect. In the Northern Song, scholar-officials commonly traveled, called on governors, and visited old friends; a year-end journey was hard, but Yanhai had the grandeur of Mount Tai, the dignity of the Confucian temple, and a prefect 'like Wen Weng,' so Zhang Fangping wrote this poem, first setting off the loneliness against the cold scene, then comforting the journey with the culture and the worthy ruler.

此诗送客游兖海。兖海指兖州一带（宋属京东东路，今山东兖州），为齐鲁故地，泰山在焉，曲阜（夫子宫）近之，文脉极盛。客之人为谁今已难详，从「孤蹇逐飞蓬」「访旧」「贤侯似文翁」看，当是一位在岁暮时节孤身远游兖海、或将依贤侯谋事的友人。北宋士大夫漫游、谒守、访旧之风甚盛，岁暮出行虽苦，而兖海有泰山之壮、孔庙之尊，又遇「似文翁」的贤守，故张方平作此诗，先以寒景衬其孤，后以文脉与贤侯慰其行。诗中「文翁」用汉景帝时蜀郡守文翁，治蜀兴学、化民成俗，后世以「文翁」为贤守典范，诗人以兖海之守方之，既美守臣，亦慰客子——你此去所依，乃如文翁之贤，何孤之有？此诗背景，折射出北宋士人「漫游谒贤」的交游生态，以及张方平送别中「先凄后慰、以文脉化离愁」的一贯笔调：他总能在地理与历史中找到安慰友人的资源。兖州一带自汉以来即为经学重镇，鲁之曲阜、齐之临淄，圣贤遗迹棋布，泰山更兼为帝王封禅、士人游学之所。北宋京东东路地近京师，士人往来颇繁，岁暮出行虽苦，而齐鲁文脉足以自壮其行。张方平选取「泰山庙」「夫子宫」二圣迹入诗，正是以最凝练的地名唤起一整套文化记忆，使送别之悲转化为对圣贤之邦的向往，此乃宋人送游齐鲁诸作的共同底色。

Art

The art shows the chapter-plan of 'leading with the scene, comforting with allusion.' The opening couplet writes the year-end bleakness through both hearing and sight, laying the bleak groundwork. The second couplet, 'wrapped in furs and strong wine' against 'chasing the flying tumbleweed,' sets the safe against the hard and sighs 'why must you,' the pity of parting written delicately. The third couplet suddenly lifts the poem: the Temple of Mount Tai and the Hall of the Master, the ancient land of sages and its long culture. The closing couplet gathers into warm comfort: old friends ease the road, and a worthy prefect like Wen Weng awaits. Scene, feeling, and allusion advance in three layers, from cold to pity to comfort. The middle couplets are finely matched: cold wind against heavy snow, ancient pines against lingering music, Temple of Mount Tai against Hall of the Master.

此诗艺术上最见「以景引情、以典慰行」的章法。起手「寒飙栗冽响吹空，雪意沈沈岁向穷」，以听觉（栗冽响吹）与视觉（雪意沈沈）双重写岁暮之凄，声色并茂，如一幅寒江独行图，先给全诗铺上衰飒的底色。颔联「正是兼衣御醇酎，如何孤蹇逐飞蓬」，以「御酒」对「逐蓬」，一安一危、一聚一散，发出「如何」的轻叹，把惜别之怜写到微妙。颈联「杉松古色泰山庙，丝竹遗音夫子宫」，陡然振起，由「客之孤」转到「地之胜」：泰山庙、夫子宫，点出兖海乃圣贤所钟、文脉悠长，古色遗音，厚重典雅。尾联「访旧自堪宽旅琐，贤侯况似蜀文翁」，收以温慰：访旧可宽羁旅，况有贤侯如文翁在，何孤之有？景—情—典三层递转，由凄而怜而慰，如老友把臂，先陪你冷，再指你暖。对仗上，首尾联皆工，尤其中二联，寒景对孤行、古庙对遗宫，密而自然。此诗之工，尤在「以景引情、以典慰行」的三层递转：首联寒飙雪意，是「冷」；颔联御酒孤蓬，是「怜」；颈联杉松丝竹，是「振」；尾联访旧文翁，是「暖」。四联之间冷暖相生，如音乐之起承转合，无一字直说离愁而离愁自见，无一字直说慰勉而慰勉自深。这种以文化资源对冲漂泊之寒的章法，较之唐人送别「执手看泪眼」的直抒，多了一层历史的纵深与理性的温存，正是宋调送别诗的标志性笔法。

Allusions

The poem's allusions, two in number, both touch 'culture' and 'worthy rule.' First, the Hall of the Master: the temple of Confucius at Qufu, in the Yanzhou region; 'the lingering notes of strings and flutes still sound' writes the long and unbroken influence of the sages of Qi and Lu, hinting that Yanhai is a land of rites and righteousness, and to travel there is to travel in the realm of the sages. Second, Wen Weng: the governor of Shu under Emperor Jing of Han, who economized the treasury, established schools, and turned Shu from a land of barbarous customs into a land of letters; 'your worthy lord, besides, is like Wen Weng of Shu' praises the prefect's civilizing rule and comforts the traveler: the one you go to is so worthy, your journey is not lonely. One allusion of the sage and one of the worthy ruler, one writing the culture of the land and one the governance of the man, together settle a lonely year-end journey in the solid context of 'a land of sages under a worthy lord.'

诗中用典与化用凡二处，皆关「文脉」与「贤守」。一、夫子宫：指曲阜孔庙（夫子宫），孔子故里在兖州曲阜，诗中「丝竹遗音夫子宫」以庙中雅乐遗音，写齐鲁圣人之泽悠长不绝，暗喻兖海乃礼义之邦、游此如游圣域。二、文翁：汉景帝时蜀郡守文翁，减省府库、兴立学官，化蜀地蛮夷之风为文学之邦，武帝令天下郡国皆立学宫，自文翁始；诗中「贤侯况似蜀文翁」，以兖海贤守方文翁，既美守臣兴学化民，亦慰客子：你所依者乃如此贤明之侯，此行不孤。二典一圣一贤，一写地之文脉（孔），一写人之治理（文翁），共同把一场岁暮孤游，安顿在「圣贤之邦、贤侯之庇」的厚重语境里。张方平使事，不炫博而恰在关节：以文脉与贤守双慰羁旅，是宋人送别「以文脉化离愁」的典型。「夫子宫」一典，实则兼用《论语》「子在齐闻韶，三月不知肉味」之典，丝竹遗音既是庙中雅乐，亦暗寓孔子当年在齐之游，使兖海之地带上「圣迹可寻」的双重意蕴。「文翁」一典，出《汉书·循吏传》，其「仁爱好教化」之评与「化蜀兴学」之功，恰为「贤侯」二字作注脚。二典一指向地之文脉、一指向人之治理，共同把岁暮孤游安顿于「圣贤之邦、循吏之庇」的厚重语境，见张方平使事「不炫博而恰在关节」的功力。

Commentary

This poem may be read beside Ouyang Xiu's essays seeing friends off to Lu and Su Shi's farewell verses, all pieces that comfort a friend journeying to the land of Qi and Lu with the dignity of its sages. The couplet 'the cypresses and pines keep their ancient color at the Temple of Mount Tai; the lingering notes of strings and flutes still sound in the Hall of the Master' enters the sacred sites of Qi and Lu into verse, weighty without being heavy, close to Du Fu's solemnity yet warmer. The closing line, 'your worthy lord, besides, is like Wen Weng of Shu,' follows the Book of Han's praise of Wen Weng, 'benevolent, loving, and fond of teaching,' comforting the traveler with the worthiness of the ruler. The value of the poem lies in its structure of 'first bleak, then comforted': it does not dodge the hardship of the year-end journey, yet resolves it through the culture of the land and the virtue of its ruler.

张方平此诗，可与欧阳修《送杨寘序》（送友入鲁）、苏轼《送李公择》诸作并观，皆北宋送游齐鲁、以圣域相勉之作。清人编《宋诗钞》虽未多录张氏，然近人论宋诗「以地文人、以史慰别」，每举此类。诗中「杉松古色泰山庙，丝竹遗音夫子宫」一联，以齐鲁圣迹入诗，厚重而不滞，近于杜甫「岱宗夫如何」的庄严而更温润。至若「贤侯况似蜀文翁」一句，直承《汉书·文翁传》「仁爱好教化」之评，以贤守慰羁客，与白居易「遇贤思治」同调，而更切地。要之，此诗的价值在「先凄后慰」的结构：它不回避岁暮孤行之凄（寒飙雪意写得极实），却终以文脉与贤侯化解，使送别既有真情之冷，又有文化之暖。这种「以文脉化离愁」的笔调，正是北宋士大夫送别诗区别于唐人「儿女共沾巾」的标志之一，亦张方平「温厚典雅」诗风的代表。近人论宋诗「以文为诗、以学问为诗」，此诗正是佳证：其不以直抒离情取胜，而以地理与历史的知识储备化离愁为文脉之慰。较之唐人王勃「海内存知己，天涯若比邻」的意气，张方平此诗更见一种从容的文化自信——不靠友情的许诺，而靠圣贤之邦、循吏之庇来安顿行者。这种取向的背后，是北宋士大夫对「文教」本身的信仰，故送别诗亦成文化认同的载体。此诗虽为小制，却颇能代表宋人送别诗由「抒情」转向「尚意」的整体走向。

Prosody

Form Seven-character quatrain七言绝句

Rhyme Level-tone dong rhymes: kong, qiong, peng, gong, weng; the first line enters the rhyme and the whole poem rhymes through, its sound continuous and linked押平声东韵（平水韵上平一东）：空、穷、蓬、宫、翁；首句入韵，五句一韵到底，声情连绵相属。

Tone pattern Seven-character quatrain beginning on a level tone with the first line in rhyme; the first line 'the cold wind, sharp and piercing' runs level-level-oblique-oblique-oblique-level-level, the second 'the snow is heavy and low' oblique-oblique-level-level-oblique-level, the middle couplets broadly matching, 'cypresses and pines their ancient color' against 'strings and flutes lingering notes,' 'Temple of Mount Tai' against 'Hall of the Master'七绝平起首句入韵体。首句「寒飇栗冽响吹空」平平仄仄仄平平，次句「雪意沈沈岁向穷」仄仄平平仄仄平，中二联大体合律，「杉松古色」对「丝竹遗音」、「泰山庙」对「夫子宫」工稳。

Reading note A seven-character quatrain whose chapter-plan turns through 'scene–feeling–allusion' in three layers, its middle couplets finely paired.此诗为七言绝句，章法以「景—情—典」三层递转，中二联对仗精严（寒飙对雪意、杉松古色对丝竹遗音），读来兼具律之整与绝之劲，最宜写岁暮送游。用韵上，空、穷、蓬、宫、翁同属平水韵上平一东，东韵韵母宏阔开朗，宜于表达由凄转慰的声情；首句即入韵，五句一韵贯通，如长风一贯，把岁暮的沉郁与文脉的厚重都纳入同一声腔。平仄方面，张方平大体守七绝平起式，唯「栗冽」「文翁」等词处略有变通，宋人作诗重意不重律，此类宽假正见其以文驭辞的倾向。整体声律先冷后暖，与诗中「寒飙雪意—泰山古庙—贤侯文翁」的冷暖递转若合符节，是宋人送别「先凄后慰、以文脉化离愁」的典雅标本。东韵韵母宏阔开朗，与「寒飙雪意」之凄、「泰山古庙」之厚、「贤侯文翁」之暖相协，全篇声情先冷后暖、一气贯注，恰与章法互为表里，是声律随义理而转的佳例。

Line by line

寒飇栗冽响吹空，雪意沈沈岁向穷。

The cold wind, sharp and piercing, blows whistling through the empty sky; the snow is heavy and low, and the year draws to its end. (The opening couplet writes the year-end bleakness through hearing and sight, laying the bleak groundwork for the comfort that follows.)

寒飙凛冽响声吹彻长空，雪意沉沉一年将尽。

The cold gale howls piercing through the void; the snow mood is heavy as the year draws to its end.

首联是全诗的景语底色，专写岁暮之凄。「寒飙栗冽响吹空」从听觉落笔：凛冽的寒风呼啸，响声灌满长空，「响吹空」三字把风的凌厉与天地的空廓一并写出，极具张力。「雪意沈沈岁向穷」从视觉与节候落笔：沉沉的雪意压下来，一年也将走到尽头。两句一听觉一视觉，一空间（空）一时间（岁穷），把「孤客将行」的背景写得如一幅寒江独行图。张方平不写「惜别」二字，而写风写雪写岁穷，离愁便从景物里自己渗出来——这是比兴的高境。尤为要者，这联的「凄」是为后文的「慰」蓄势：正因先写得如此冷，后文泰山古庙、文翁贤侯的暖才显分量。

The opening couplet is the poem's ground tone of scenery, writing the desolation of the year's end. The cold gale howls piercing through the void begins with hearing: the biting wind whistles, its roar filling the vast sky, and the three words roaring through the void write both the wind's ferocity and the emptiness of heaven and earth, most tense. The snow mood is heavy as the year draws to its end begins with sight and season: the heavy snow mood presses down, and the year is reaching its end. The two lines, one hearing one sight, one space (void) one time (year's end), write the background of the lone traveler about to leave like a painting of a lone man walking a cold river. Fangping does not write the two words farewell, but writes wind, snow and year's end, and the parting feeling seeps of itself from the scenery - the high realm of analogy. What matters is that this desolation builds force for the later comfort: precisely because it is first written so cold, the warmth of the Tai temple and the worthy lord carries weight.

杉松古色泰山庙，丝竹遗音夫子宫。

The cypresses and pines keep their ancient color at the Temple of Mount Tai; the lingering notes of strings and flutes still sound in the Hall of the Master. (The third couplet lifts the poem from the guest's loneliness to the glory of the land of sages, its ancient color and long culture.)

泰山庙里杉松古色，夫子宫中丝竹遗音。

Ancient firs and pines color the Tai Temple; the lingering music of strings and flutes fills the Hall of the Father.

这一联是全诗由「凄」转「慰」的枢纽，以齐鲁圣迹写兖海文脉。「杉松古色泰山庙」写泰山庙中杉松苍古，是视觉上的厚重；「丝竹遗音夫子宫」写曲阜孔庙雅乐遗响，是听觉上的悠长。一庙一宫、一色一声，对仗精严，把兖海「圣贤所钟」的地理身份点得极典雅。张方平在此不动声色地把友人的「孤游」重新框定：你不是去荒远之地，而是去泰山孔庙之畔，去圣人之邦。古色遗音四字，既写出历史的纵深，也暗含「游此如游圣域、可慰平生」的意味。这一联是宋人「以文脉化离愁」的典型笔法——用文化与历史的厚重，去对冲空间漂泊的轻寒。

This couplet is the poem's hinge from desolation to comfort, writing the cultural vein of Yanzhou and the sea through the sacred traces of Qi and Lu. Ancient firs and pines color the Tai Temple writes the hoary firs and pines in the Tai temple, a visual weight; the lingering music of strings and flutes fills the Hall of the Father writes the lingering ritual music of the Confucius temple in Qufu, an auditory length. One temple one hall, one color one sound, the parallel strict, naming Yanzhou and the sea's geographic identity as the gathering place of sages with great elegance. Fangping here quietly reframes the friend's lone journey: you are not going to a desolate far place, but to the shores of Tai and the Confucius temple, to the land of the sages. The four words ancient color and lingering sound write the depth of history and secretly hold the meaning that traveling here is like traveling the sacred realm, enough to comfort a lifetime. This is the typical Song way of turning parting feeling through cultural vein - using the weight of culture and history to offset the light cold of spatial drifting.

访旧自堪宽旅琐，贤侯况似蜀文翁。

Visiting old friends can well ease the hardships of the road—and your worthy lord, besides, is like Wen Weng of Shu. (The closing couplet gathers into warm comfort: old friends ease the road, and a worthy prefect like Wen Weng of Shu awaits.)

去访旧友自可宽解旅中琐屑，何况那贤侯又似蜀地的文翁。

Visiting old friends will of itself lighten the petty travel cares; how much more so when the worthy lord is like Wen Weng of Shu.

尾联收束，是全诗的温厚落点，由「地」落到「人」。「访旧自堪宽旅琐」：你此去访故旧，自可宽解旅途的琐屑孤单，一句把「孤」字轻轻化开。「贤侯况似蜀文翁」更进一层：何况你所依的贤守，又如同当年蜀郡的文翁——兴学化民、仁爱好士。文翁是汉代贤守的典范，以之方兖海之守，既美守臣，更慰客子：你投奔的是这样的贤明之侯，何孤之有？一个「况」字，把「访旧可宽」再推一级，余味悠长。张方平以「访旧+贤侯」双慰羁旅，收得温润而有重量，使全诗由寒飙雪意的冷，最终落到文翁贤侯的暖，结构圆融，是宋人送别「先凄后慰」的典雅范本。

The closing gathers the poem, its warm landing, moving from place to person. Visiting old friends will of itself lighten the petty travel cares: your going to visit old acquaintances will of itself ease the trivial loneliness of the road, one line softly dissolving the word lone. How much more so when the worthy lord is like Wen Weng of Shu goes a step further: the worthy governor you will rely on is like Wen Weng of Shu in old days - founding schools, transforming the people, loving the learned. Wen Weng is the model of the Han worthy governor; comparing the Yanzhou governor to him at once praises the governor and comforts the traveler: you are going to such a worthy lord, what loneliness can there be? The word how much more pushes the comfort of visiting old friends one notch further, the aftertaste long. Fangping uses the double comfort of old friends and worthy lord, closing warm and weighty, so the poem moves from the cold of the gale and snow mood to the warmth of Wen Weng and the worthy lord, the structure rounded - an elegant model of the Song farewell that is desolate first and comforted after.

Study

Word focus

栗冽 Sharp and piercing, cold enough to make one shiver. The sinew of the first line's scene: 'li' is to shiver with cold, 'lie' is icy clear—the two together write the cold to the bone, with the shiver of the traveler in it. 栗冽二字在「寒飙栗冽响吹空」中是景语的筋骨，极见炼字之工。栗，寒栗也；冽，清冷也。二字叠用，把风的「冷」写到骨子里，且带出人在风中的战栗之感。张方平不以「寒风凛冽」的常语了事，而用「栗冽」这一对冷感极强的词，使首联的寒意有了质感与体温（他人的体温）。更妙在它与下句「响吹空」的配合：风既栗冽，又响彻空际，声色交加，把岁暮独行的凄凉写到极致。若易以「凛冽」「萧瑟」，虽亦写冷，却少「栗」字那层「人感其寒」的心理维度。二字收束听觉之首句，是宋诗「以实字写虚景」的佳例。

沈沈 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 沈沈（沉沉）在「雪意沈沈岁向穷」中是节候的凝重之笔。它本形容深沉、浓重，此处写雪意之厚、天色之暗、岁暮之压，一个叠词把「将雪未雪、一年将尽」的沉郁写得如铅块坠胸。这个沈沈，既状自然之雪云，也暗喻游子心头那份岁暮远行的沉重——景与情在此叠合。张方平用叠字，既不纤巧（如「迢迢」），也不轻飘，而取「沈沈」之重，正配岁穷孤旅的基调。若易以「漠漠」「黯黯」，便失其「沉而有力」的质感。二字为全诗定下凄怆的底色，与后文泰山古庙的厚重、文翁贤侯的温厚形成冷暖对照，是结构上的关键一笔。

况 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 况字在「贤侯况似蜀文翁」中是尾联的劲语，担起「再进一层」的慰勉重量。前文「访旧自堪宽旅琐」已足宽慰，诗人犹嫌不够，以「况」字再推一级：何况你所依的贤侯又似文翁！这个「况」字，把单一的「访旧可宽」升格为「访旧+贤侯」的双重托庇，余味陡增。在送别语境里，「况」字最常见于「况有」「况逢」，张方平此处「况似」，把对守臣的赞美与对客子的安慰合于一字，既美贤侯，又慰孤客。若易以「又」「兼」，便成平叙；用「况」，则带出「岂止如此、更有胜者」的递进惊喜。一字收束，使全诗由冷转暖的落点更有力量。